Table 2.
The impact of training interventions on change of direction performance
| Study | N | Training intervention | Training duration | Exercises | COD Test | Pre– planned or reactive | Percentage change in COD performance (mean [95%CI]) | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abade et al. 2019 [1] | 20 | Strength and power | 12 weeks (2 × weekly) | Horizontal leg press, bench press, 90° back squat. 4*6 repetitions at 80%1RM on one day, 4*8repetitions at 30%1RM on the other training day | 6*20 m sprint with two 90° direction changes during each sprint | Pre-planned | – 1.9% [– 5.9 to 2.1%] | "Unclear". Used magnitude-based inference |
| Aloui et al. 2018 [3] | 30 | Strength | 8 weeks (2 × weekly) | Isolated knee extension and hip extension using resistance bands | T-test | Pre-planned | – 6.6% | Effect of time in training group (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 2.39). Significant group × time interaction (p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.12). Faster T-test time in strength group post intervention compared with controls |
| Appleby et al. 2020 [4] | 33 | Strength | 18 weeks (2 × weekly) | Group 1: squat exercise; Group 2: step-up exercise | 5 m sprint with a 50° direction change at 2.5 m | Pre-planned | Group 1: no change; Group 2: – 0.5% | "Unclear". Used magnitude-based inference |
| Banyard et al. 2021 [8] | 24 | Strength group and velocity based training group | 6 weeks (3 × weekly) | Back squat (both groups) | 505 test | Pre-planned | Strength group: – 3.5%; velocity group: – 5.2% (changes are average of tests performed turning to the dominant and non-dominant side) | "Possible" change in strength group. "Very likely" change in velocity group. Used magnitude-based inference |
| Barbalho et al. 2018 [9] | 23 | Strength | 15 weeks (3 × weekly) | 45° leg press, back squat, leg curl, calf raise, bench press, lat pull down, military press, seated cable row, triceps pully, biceps curl | T-test | Pre-planned | 1.70% | No effect of time in training group (p = 0.58). No group × time interaction (p = 0.19) |
| Brito et al. 2014 [10] | 57 | Strength | 9 weeks (2 × weekly) | Squat, calf raise, leg extension | T-test | Pre-planned | No change (values not reported) | No group × time interaction (p = 0.13, η2 = 0.10) |
| Coratella et al. 2019 [15] | 40 | Strength | 8 weeks (1 × weekly) | Squat | T-test | Pre-planned | – 7% [– 12 to – 2%] | Significant group × time interaction (p = 0.01). Faster T-test time in strength group compared with control post intervention |
| Dos' Santos et al. 2021 [19] | 15 | Technique | 6 weeks (2 × weekly) | Group 1: Technique training drills, program described in supplementary material of original article. Group 2: Sport and resistance training as normal | Change of direction tasks with 45° and 90° direction change | Pre-planned | Group 1: – 5.1%, group 2: no change (values not reported) | Effect of time in training group for cutting at 90° and 45° (p = 0.001 and 0.02). Significant group × time interaction for cutting at 90° and 45° (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, η2 = 0.48 and 0.29). Times faster post intervention in training group compared with controls |
| Faude et al. 2013 [24] | 16 | Strength and power | 7 weeks (2 × weekly) | Unilateral squats, hurdle jumps, bilateral squats, drop jumps, sprints, calf raises, high jumps, side lunge, lateral jumps, step ups, bounding | 30 m sprint with 3 × 180° direction changes | Pre-planned | – 5% | Effect of time in training group (p = 0.005). No group × time interaction (p = 0.47, η2 = 0.04) |
| Fischetti et al. 2019 [25] | 28 | Power | 12 weeks (3 × weekly) | Hurdle jumps, drop jumps, broad jumps | T-test | Pre-planned | – 2.6% [– 3.7 to 1.5%] | Effect of time in training group (p = 0.002). Significant group × time interaction (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.73). T-test time faster in training group compared with control group post intervention |
| Hermassi et al. 2019 [32] | 22 | Strength and power | 12 weeks (2 × weekly) | Snatch from a squat position, half-squat, clean and jerk | T-test | Pre-planned | – 11.6% | Effect of time (p = 0.002). Significant group × time interaction (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.58). Change of direction faster in training group compared with control post intervention |
| Hoffman et al. 2005 [33] | 47 | Power | 5 Weeks (2 × weekly) | Group 1: only the concentric portion of the squat jump; group 2: concentric and eccentric potion of the squat jump | T-test | Pre-planned | Group 1: – 2.7%; group 2: – 1.8% | No effect of time, p-value not reported |
| Katushabe et al. 2020 [35] | 17 | Strength | 8 weeks (2 × weekly) | Squat, Lunge, front squat, goblet squat, deadlift, sumo deadlift, nordice hamstring curls, single leg hip lifts | Zig-zag sprint course | Pre-planned | – 0.77% | No effect of time (p = 0.57). No group × time interaction) |
| Kobal et al. 2017 [36] | 27 | Strength and power | 8 weeks (2 × weekly) | Half squat and drop jumps | 505 test | Pre-planned | Changes not reported | No effect of time, p-value not reported |
| Kvorning et al. 2017 [37] | 19 | Strength and power | 8 weeks (2 × weekly) | Power clean, squat, bench press, lat pull down, calf raise, leg curl, step up | T-test | Pre-planned | – 2.5% | T-test performance improved post intervention (p < 0.05). Study did not include control group |
| Lehnert et al. 2013 [38] | 12 | Power | 6 weeks (3 × weekly) | Pogo jump, rim jump, side hop-sprint, lateral bound, knee-tuck jump, split jump, side hop, single leg lateral hop, scissors jump, diagonal bound, depth jump | T-test | Pre-planned | – 2.1% | No effect of time (p = 0.21). Study did not include a control group |
| Lockie et al. 2014 [39] | 20 | Power and deceleration | 6 weeks (2 × weekly) | A-Skip, A-March, Partnered leg recovery, solo leg recovery, ankle hops, chute run, straight leg run, double hurdle run, run throughs split jump and flying 30 m sprint. Sprinting exercises invovled an enforced stopping distance | T-test | Pre-planned | – 4.4% | Effect of time (p = 0.03). No significant group × time interaction |
| Mohanta et al. 2019 [42] | 40 | Power | 8 weeks (2 × weekly) | ankle hops, box jump, counter movement jump, hurdle jumps, lateral bounds, unilateral box jumps | T-test | Pre-planned | – 12.7% | Effect of time (p = 0.002). Significant group × time interaction (p < 0.001). T-test performance faster post intervention in training group compared with control group |
| O'Brien et al. 2020 [45] | 20 | Strength | 4 weeks (2 × weekly) | Squat (group 1: no tempo restriction; group 2: 2 s concentric phase, 4 s eccentric phase) | 505 test | Pre-planned | Group 1: – 3.7%; group 2: – 1.4% | Effect of time (p = 0.001). No group × time interaction |
| Raedergard et al. 2020 [48] | 21 | Strength and power | 6 weeks (2 × weekly) | Group 1: squat, unilateral squat, calf raise, lateral lunge, unilateral nordic hamstring curl; group 2: drop jumps, unilateral counter movement jump, hurdle jumps, skate jumps, laying kick | COD from 45 to 180° with 4 m or 20 m approach | Pre-planned | Group 1: – 3.7 to 0.49% for all tests; group 2: – 4.6 to 0% for all tests | Pre to post intervention improvements observed in two of eight change of direction tests. No group by time interaction (p = 0.12, η2 = 0.13) |
| Serpell et al. 2011 [53] | 15 | Perception and decision making | 3 weeks (2 × weekly) | Reactive agility drills | Rugby league specific test | Reactive and pre-planned | – 5.8% change in reactive agility performance. No change in pre-planned change of direction performance | Effect of time (p < 0.05). Significant group × time interaction (p < 0.05) |
| Shalfawi et al. 2013 [54] | 20 | Strength | 10 weeks (2 × weekly) | Leg press, squat jump, nordic hamstring curl, leg extension, cable hip flexion, cable hip extension | S180° test | Pre-planned | – 0.5% [– 2.9 to 1.9%] | No effect of time, p-value not reported |
| Siddle et al. 2019 [55] | 14 | Strength | 6 weeks (2 × weekly) | Nordic hamstring curl | 20 m sprint with 180° direction change | Pre-planned | – 2.6% [– 5.7 to 0.5%] | Significant group × time interaction (p = 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.38). Improvement in change of direction performance was grater in training group compared with control group |
| Speirs et al. 2016 [57] | 18 | Strength | 5 Weeks (2 × weekly) | Group 1: Bilateral squat; group 2: unilateral squat | Pro-agility test | Pre-planned | Group 1: – 1.7%; group 2: – 1.4% | Effect of time (p < 0.001). No significant group × time interaction |
| Vaczi et al. 2013 [64] | 24 | Power | 6 weeks (2 × weekly) | Hurdle jumps, lateral jumps, single leg hop, depth jump, unilateral hurdle jump | T-test and Illinois agility test | Pre-planned | T-test: – 2.5%; Illinois agility test: – 1.7% | Group × time interaction (p < 0.05). Change of direction performance faster post intervention in training group compared with control group |
| Van den Tillaar et al. 2020 [65] | 42 | Strength and power | 12 weeks (2 × weekly) | Squat jumps, calf hops, unilateral hops, unilateral squat jumps, squat, stand and flying start sprints (group 1: six weeks of squat and sprint training followed by six weeks of plyometric training, group 2: six weeks of plyometric training followed by six weeks of squat and sprint training | Handball specific change of direction test | Pre-planned | Group 1: 1% [– 8 to 10%]; group 2: 0% [– 10 to 10%] | Effect of time (p < 0.001). No significant group × time interaction |
Negative values represent an improvement in change of direction time following intervention. Confidence intervals for the percentage change in performance are reported where available, confidence intervals for pre- versus post-intervention change are not reported in all studies. p-values are reported where available, where a p-value below a threshold was report a specific value could not be reported