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. 2022 Aug 1;29(1):2513–2538. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2104404

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Other Mammalian cells derived EVs for cancer therapy. The EVs derived from tumor cells and main immune cells carry a variety of bioactive molecules that play an effective anti-tumor efficacy in various cancer diseases. EVs derived from tumor cells and DC cells mainly induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses in the body, enhance the anticancer ability of the body and prevent the growth of tumors. M1-type macrophages are derived from EVs polarized M2-type macrophages into anti-tumor M1-type macrophages and release inflammatory cytokines to play a role in tumor therapy. EVs from NK cells and T cells play a therapeutic role by releasing tumor-killing molecules and cytotoxic effects.