Table 3.
The application of functionalized EVs in cancer therapy.
| Applica tions | Ligand/EV type | Separation method | EVs sources | Guest molecules | Therapeutic outcomess | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapy/targeted chemotherapy | —/sEVs | Centrifugation | MDA-MB-231 cells | Nischarin | Inhibit breast cancer growth | (Maziveyi et al., 2019) |
| —/sEVs | Centrifugation&Extrusion | J774A.1 cells | DOX | Target drug delivery | (Rayamajhi et al., 2019) | |
| —/sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | RAW 264.7 cells | PTX/DOX | Chemotherapy for multidrug resistant cancer | (Kim et al., 2016) | |
| —/MPs | Centrifugation | Human A549 cells | MTX | Target lung cancer chemotherapy | (Guo et al., 2019) | |
| —/MPs | Centrifugation | Mouse H22 cells | MTX | Drug-delivery in ovarian cancer therapy | (Tang et al., 2012) | |
| —/MPs | Centrifugation | Human A549 cells | Cis/MTX/DOX | Reverse drug resistance of cancer cells | (Ma et al., 2016) | |
| iRGD-sEVs | Centrifugation | Mouse iDCs | DOX | Target tumor therapy | (Tian et al., 2014) | |
| Sgc8-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | iDCs | DOX | Cancer-targeted chemotherapy | (Zou et al., 2019) | |
| C-Met-sEVs | Centrifugation &filtration | Macrophage | DOX | Target chemotherapy of TNBC | (Li et al., 2020) | |
| cRGD-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | ESCs | PTX | Delivery vehicles for glioblastoma therapy | (Zhu et al., 2019) | |
| LA-SAV-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | B16BL6 cells | CpG DNA | Enhance tumor immunotherapy | (Morishita et al., 2016) | |
| A33Ab-US-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | LIM1215 cells | DOX | Target colorectal cancer | (Li et al., 2018) | |
| lipHA-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | DOX | Reverse breast cancer drug resistance | (Liu et al., 2019) | |
| SPION-sEVs | Magnetic separation | Serum | DOX | Inhibit HCC growth | (Qi et al., 2016) | |
| SPION-sEVs | Magnetic separation | Serum | DOX | Inhibit HCC growth | (Yang et al., 2021) | |
| Avidin-biotin-sEVs | Microfluidic chip | HUVECs | PTX | Target drug delivery | (Wang et al., 2017) | |
| AA-PEG-sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | RAW 264.7 cells | PTX | Targeted treatment of pulmonary metastases | (Kim et al., 2018) | |
| KLA-LDL/LDL-EVs | Ultracentrifugation | L929 cells | MTX | Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme | (Ye et al., 2018) | |
| CGKRK-EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Cancer cells | TPZ/PTX | Delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs | (Lee et al., 2016) | |
| CC8-ELVs | Ultracentrifugation | Plasma | imperialine | Target treatment of NSCLC | (Lin et al., 2019) | |
| Immunotherapy/targeted Immunotherapy | —/AB | Ultracentrifugation | Mouse EL-4 cells | AuNR-CpG | Immunotherapy and PTT of cancer | (Zheng et al., 2020) |
| A8 peptide aptamer-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Serum/Supernatants | — | Restoring anticancer immune response | (Gobbo et al., 2016) | |
| ssDNA-SA-FasL-sEVs | Differential Centrifugation | THP1/ J774A.1 cells | — | Enhance tumor immunotherapy | (Yerneni et al., 2019) | |
| αCD3-αEGFR-sEVs | Differential Centrifugation | HEK293T cells | — | Target breast cancer | (Cheng et al., 2018) | |
| αCD3-αHER2-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | — | Target breast cancer | (Shi et al., 2020) | |
| PL-L1-OMVs | Ultracentrifugation | Gram-negative bacteria | — | Cancer immunotherapy | (Li et al., 2020) | |
| CAR-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | CAR-T cells | — | Inhibit breast cancer growth | (Yang et al., 2021) | |
| CAR-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | CAR-T cells | — | Target CD19+ B ALL | (Haque & Vaiselbuh, 2021) | |
| CAR-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | CAR-T cells | — | Anti-tumor immunotherapy | (Chen et al., 2020) | |
| LA-CEA/HER2-sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | Breast cancer cells | — | Enhance antitumor effects | (Hartman et al., 2011) | |
| GPI-EGFR-EVs | Ultrafiltration centrifugation | Neuro2A cells | — | Promote tumor cell targeting | (Kooijmans et al., 2016) | |
| LA-EGFR-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293 cells | — | Target treatment of EGFR tumor cells | (Kooijmans et al., 2018) | |
| Gene/targeted gene therapy | FA-GDENs | Ultracentrifugation | Ginger | Survivin siRNA | Inhibit tumor growth | (Li et al., 2018) |
| —/sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | HEK293 / SKOV3 cells | CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids | Inhibit cancer cell proliferation | (Kim et al., 2017) | |
| FAP-NVs | Ultracentrifugation | Tumor cells | — | Promote tumor ferroptosis | (Hu et al., 2021) | |
| —/EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Red blood cells | ASOs/Cas9 mRNA/RNAs | Deliver RNAs to cancer cells | (Usman et al., 2018) | |
| —/sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | Mouse BMMSCs | miRNA-142-3p inhibitor | Reduce tumorigenicity of breast cancer | (Naseri et al., 2018) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Human fibroblast | KRAS siRNA/shRNA | Target oncogenic KRAS | (Kamerkar et al., 2017) | |
| —/sEVs | Exosome Isolation kit | BMMSCs | antagomiR-222/223, carboplatin | Stimulate cell dormancy | (Bliss et al., 2016) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | NK cells | miRNA-let7a | Dual tumor therapy | (Wang et al., 2019) | |
| —/MVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | mRNA | Inhibit tumor growth | (Mizrak et al., 2013) | |
| —/EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Cancer cells | PEI/siRNA complexes | Inhibit prostate cancer growth | (Zhupanyn et al., 2020) | |
| TNF-α-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Cancer Cells | CRISPR / Cas9 | Activation of necroptosis | (Gulei & Berindan-Neagoe, 2019) | |
| CD47-CDX/CREKA-sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | MEFs | PTEN mRNA | Inhibit glioma growth | (Yang et al., 2020) | |
| FA-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Milk | siRNAs | Inhibit lung cancer growth | (Aqil et al., 2019) | |
| PPT/PDT or targeted PPT/PDT | FA-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | Survivin siRNA | Inhibit tumor growth | (Zheng et al., 2019) |
| ClyA-AffibodyHER2-OMVs | Ultracentrifugation | Escherichia coli | KSP siRNA | Inhibit tumor growth | (Kim et al., 2008) | |
| Lamp2b-DARPinG3-sEVs | Differential Centrifugation | HEK293T cells | TPD52 siRNA | Target breast cancer | (Limoni et al., 2019) | |
| PSMA aptamer-EVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | Survivin siRNA | Inhibit prostatecancer xenograft | (Pi et al., 2018) | |
| Lamp2b-IL3-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | BCR-ABL siRNA | Inhibit CML cell growth | (Bellavia et al., 2017) | |
| PDGFR-GE11-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | miRNA-let-7a | Target breast cancer | (Ohno et al., 2013) | |
| CXCR4-EVs | Ultracentrifugation | NSCs | antimiRNA-21, miRNA-100 | Improve glioma therapy | (Wang et al., 2021) | |
| FA-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Bovine milk | KRAS siRNA, WT p53 plasmid | Inhibit of lung cancer | (Munagala et al., 2021) | |
| E3-Aptamer-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | SIRT6 siRNA | Target prostate cancer | (Han et al., 2021) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | PANC-1 cells | PAK4 siRNA | Target pancreatic cancer | (Xu et al., 2021) | |
| IL4R-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | M1 macrophage | NF-κB p50 siRNA, miR-511-3p | Remodeling the antitumor immune microenvironment | (Gunassekaran et al., 2021) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | urinary | PMA/Au-BSA@Ce6 | Enhance targeted PDT and imaging | (Pan et al., 2020) | |
| —/sEVs | Exosome isolation reagent | 4T1 cells | AIEgens | Enhanced PDT | (Zhu et al., 2020) | |
| —/Theranosomes | Magnetic sorting | human THP-1 cells | MagNPs / m-THPC | Magnetic targeting PDT and imaging | (Silva et al., 2013) | |
| ChiP-sEVs | ExoQuick-TC™ Kit | Serum | — | Plasma membrane and nucleus targeted PDT | (Cheng et al., 2019) | |
| RGD-sEVs | Exosome Isolation kit | MCF-7 cells | V2C Qts | Nucleus-target low temperature PTT | (Cao et al., 2019) | |
| —/EVs | Ultracentrifugation | mMSCs | mTHPC | Immune reprogramming precision PDT | (Pinto et al., 2021) | |
| Radio-therapy Radio-therapy | —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | MSCs | — | Enhance radiotherapy-induced cell death | (de Araujo Farias et al., 2018) |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | MSCs | miR-34c | Reverse the radioresistance | (Wan et al., 2020) | |
| —/sEVs | Exosome separation reagent | Colon cancer cells | Gold nanostars | Target tumor NIR-II thermo-radiotherapy | (Zhu et al., 2020) | |
| Synergistic therapy | —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | MDA-MB-231 cells | Nischarin | Reduce breast cancer cell motility and tumor growth | (Maziveyi et al., 2019) |
| CP05-HMGN1-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Cancer cells | — | Inhibit different tumor | (Zuo et al., 2020) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Bel7402 cells | DOX, PSiNPs | Drug carriers for chemotherapy | (Yong et al., 2019) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Mouse 4 T1 cells | CBSA/S100A4 siRNA | Suppress breast cancer metastasis | (Zhao et al., 2020) | |
| —/MPs | Centrifugation | Mouse H22 cells | Bi2Se3/DOX | PTT and chemotherapy | (Wang et al., 2020) | |
| DOX-Heparin @NPs-EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Grapefruit | — | Enhance glioma therapy | (Niu et al., 2021) | |
| —/EVs | Ultracentrifugation | Ginseng | — | Enhance PD-1 mAb anti-tumor efficacy | (Han et al., 2021) | |
| —/EVs | Ultracentrifugation | 4T1/SKBR3/HepG2 cells | antimiR-21 @GIONs | Cancer molecular imaging and therapy | (Bose et al., 2018) | |
| NRP-1-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Raw264.7 cells | SPION@ Curcumin | Imaging and treatment of glioma | (Jia et al., 2018) | |
| FA/Biotin-MVs | Ultracentrifugation | Cal 27 cells | siRNA/PTX/SA-QDs | Target therapy toward breast cancer | (Zhu et al., 2017) | |
| DNA-QDs-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | M1 macrophage | — | Tumor imaging and therapy | (Fan et al., 2019) | |
| RGD-OMVs | Ultracentrifugation | Attenuated salmonella | Tegafur-loaded micelles | Enhance tumor immunotherapy | (Chen et al., 2020) | |
| Fe3O4-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | THP-1 cells | miR-21 | Target and chemo/gene/photothermal therapy | (Wang et al., 2021) | |
| —/sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | Urinary | Fe3O4, DOX | Target chemo-chemody namic prostate cancer | (Pan et al., 2021) | |
| CD47-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | HEK293T cells | Erastin, RB | Chemo-photodynamic therapy in HCC | (Du et al., 2021) | |
| CD47-sEVs | Ultracentrifugation | CT26 cells | Thermosensitive liposomes | Photothermal therapy and cancer immunotherapy | (Cheng et al., 2021) |