Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients who were hospitalized and positive for COVID‐19, by malnutrition status
| Characteristic | No Hx of malnutrition, n = 316,271a | Hx of malnutrition, n = 11,206a | HAC malnutrition, n = 15,711a | P valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59 (43–71) | 66 (53–76) | 67 (56, 77) | <0.001 |
| Age group | <0.001 | |||
| <29 years | 28,389 (9.0%) | 550 (4.9%) | 417 (2.7%) | |
| 30–49 years | 77,091 (24%) | 1692 (15%) | 2065 (13%) | |
| 50–64 years | 89,476 (28%) | 3043 (27%) | 4405 (28%) | |
| >65 years | 121,315 (38%) | 5921 (53%) | 8824 (56%) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 157,830 (50%) | 5493 (49%) | 6396 (41%) | |
| Male | 158,441 (50%) | 5713 (51%) | 9315 (59%) | |
| Race and ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Non‐Hispanic White | 163,900 (52%) | 6288 (56%) | 8111 (52%) | |
| Black or African American | 63,337 (20%) | 2556 (23%) | 2994 (19%) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 52,031 (16%) | 1240 (11%) | 2341 (15%) | |
| Other | 28,751 (9.1%) | 891 (8.0%) | 1682 (11%) | |
| Missing/unknown | 8252 (2.6%) | 231 (2.1%) | 583 (3.7%) | |
| BMI | 30 (26–36) | 25 (21–30) | 28 (23–33) | <0.001 |
| BMI category | <0.001 | |||
| <18.5 | 4183 (1.3%) | 979 (8.7%) | 682 (4.3%) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 35,558 (11%) | 3924 (35%) | 3864 (25%) | |
| 25–29.9 | 54,631 (17%) | 2289 (20%) | 3776 (24%) | |
| ≥30 | 112,175 (35%) | 2510 (22%) | 5248 (33%) | |
| Missing/unknown | 109,724 (35%) | 1504 (13%) | 2141 (14%) | |
| CCI | 0 (0–2) | 5 (3–8) | 1 (0–4) | <0.001 |
| CCI category | <0.001 | |||
| <1 | 182,747 (58%) | 559 (5.0%) | 7509 (48%) | |
| 1–3 | 86,979 (28%) | 2939 (26%) | 4220 (27%) | |
| >3 | 46,545 (15%) | 7708 (69%) | 3982 (25%) | |
| Region | <0.001 | |||
| Northeast | 67,233 (21%) | 2331 (21%) | 3158 (20%) | |
| South | 69,362 (22%) | 2128 (19%) | 2809 (18%) | |
| Midwest | 120,256 (38%) | 4193 (37%) | 5635 (36%) | |
| West | 24,064 (7.6%) | 1084 (9.7%) | 1760 (11%) | |
| Missing/unknown | 35,356 (11%) | 1470 (13%) | 2349 (15%) | |
| Comorbidity incidence | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 67,002 (21%) | 5782 (52%) | 4135 (26%) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 13,834 (4.4%) | 2344 (21%) | 1082 (6.9%) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 30,160 (9.5%) | 4334 (39%) | 2049 (13%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 24,418 (7.7%) | 3571 (32%) | 1897 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 22,102 (7.0%) | 3363 (30%) | 1872 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 8240 (2.6%) | 1574 (14%) | 976 (6.2%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 45,757 (14%) | 4617 (41%) | 2509 (16%) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 10,859 (3.4%) | 1148 (10%) | 669 (4.3%) | <0.001 |
| Mild or severe liver disease | 17,300 (5.5%) | 3306 (30%) | 1339 (8.5%) | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 3469 (1.1%) | 1160 (10%) | 293 (1.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 3724 (1.2%) | 967 (8.6%) | 365 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 35,075 (11%) | 4820 (43%) | 2711 (17%) | <0.001 |
| Any malignancy (except skin) | 22,670 (7.2%) | 3348 (30%) | 2142 (14%) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 4348 (1.4%) | 1277 (11%) | 610 (3.9%) | <0.001 |
| HIV/AIDS | 1734 (0.5%) | 216 (1.9%) | 125 (0.8%) | <0.001 |
| Current or former smoker | 66,863 (21%) | 3675 (33%) | 4351 (28%) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Death or transfer to hospice | 33,831 (11%) | 2930 (26%) | 4525 (29%) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 22,211 (7.0%) | 1402 (13%) | 5068 (32%) | <0.001 |
| ARDS | 116,992 (37%) | 5011 (45%) | 9926 (63%) | <0.001 |
| ECMO | 1235 (0.4%) | 78 (0.7%) | 533 (3.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hospital‐acquired pressure injury | 5894 (1.9%) | 1083 (9.7%) | 2216 (14%) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay | 4 (1, 8) | 7 (3, 14) | 13 (6, 27) | <0.001 |
| Inpatient therapeutic exposure | ||||
| Remdesivir | 53,143 (17%) | 1977 (18%) | 4575 (29%) | <0.001 |
| Steroid | 61,717 (20%) | 2794 (25%) | 5103 (32%) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor | 17,521 (5.5%) | 1184 (11%) | 3052 (19%) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HAC, xxx; Hx, history.
a
Statistics presented: median (interquartile range) or n (%).
b
Statistical tests performed: Wilcoxon rank sum test; chi‐square test of independence.