2. Invasive tests in non‐lung cancer‐related disease.

	Invasive tests in non‐lung cancer‐related disease
Aberle 2011	At 6.5 year follow‐up LDCT group: 457 procedures for non‐lung cancer‐related disease (164 thoracotomies/thoracoscopies/mediastinoscopies; 227 bronchoscopies; 66 needle biopsies) out of 17,053 positive screening results over 3 rounds with complete diagnostic information CXR group: 115 procedures for benign disease (45 thoracotomies/thoracoscopies/mediastinoscopies; 46 bronchoscopies; 24 needle biopsies) out of 4674 positive screening results over 3 rounds with complete information
Becker 2020	Baseline LDCT: 30 biopsies performed in benign disease (at least 5 thoracotomies, 2 VATS thoracoscopies, and 1 bronchoscopy) Year 1 LDCT: 19 biopsies performed in benign disease Year 2 LDCT: 12 biopsies performed in benign disease Year 3 LDCT: 16 biopsies performed in benign disease Year 4 LDCT: 13 biopsies performed in benign disease
Blanchon 2007	Trial arm not specified. Baseline: 3 thoracostomies performed for benign disease
De Koning 2020	Baseline LDCT: 27.2% of invasive procedures performed in benign disease Between 2004 and 2008: 215 participants had surgery. 2/17 mediastinoscopies were in benign diease; 47/198 lung surgeries (thoracotomies+/‐ VATS) were in benign disease.
Field 2021	Baseline LDCT: 7 participants had needle biopsies, 1 EBUS bronchoscopy, 4 referrals for surgery completed for benign disease
Gohagan 2005	Baseline LDCT: 16 bronchoscopies, 19 lung biopsies or resection, and 23 any invasive procedures (including biopsy/resection, bronchoscopy, thoracotomy, thoracoscopy, mediastinotomy, mediastinoscopy) performed for benign disease Baseline CXR: 5 bronchoscopies, 6 lung biopsies or resections, and 8 procedures (including biopsy/resection, bronchoscopy, thoracotomy, thoracoscopy, mediastinotomy, mediastinoscopy) performed for benign disease
Infante 2015	At 8.35 years median follow‐up LDCT group: 17 surgeries for benign disease (3 mediastinoscopies, 7 VATS wedge resections, 6 open wedge resections, 1 open segmentectomy). 7 surgeries for other conditions (reported as 1 open biopsy, 1 extrapleural pneumonectomy for mesothelioma, 2 oesophagectomies for cancer, 1 oesophageal leiomyoma VATS resection, 2 VATS thymectomies, 1 lobectomy for aspergilloma) Control arm: 5 surgeries for benign disease (2 VATS biopsies, 2 VATS wedge resection, 1 open wedge resection); 2 surgeries for other conditions (1 open lung biopsy for hilar lymphoma, 1 VATS thymectomy)
LaRocca 2002	Not available
Paci 2017	Baseline LDCT: 1 FNA biopsy and 1 (5.5% of all surgical resections) surgical resection for benign disease reported
Pastorino 2012	Median 6 annual LDCTs: 1 invasive diagnostic procedure (transthoracic needle aspiration, fibro bronchoscopy, transbronchial needle aspiration), 0 anatomical (lobectomy or segmentectomy) resections, 0 non‐anatomical resections (wedge resection) performed for benign disease Median 3 biennial LDCTs: 3 invasive diagnostic procedures (transthoracic needle aspiration, fibro bronchoscopy, transbronchial needle aspiration), 0 anatomical (lobectomy or segmentectomy) resections, 1 non‐anatomical resection (wedge resection) performed for benign disease
Wille 2016	Baseline LDCT: 1 mediastinoscopy, 3 bronchoscopy with biopsy, 1 EUS, 2 EBUS, 2 VATS, 1 percutaneous biopsy performed for benign disease

CXR: chest x‐ray; EBUS: endobronchial ultrasound; EUS: endoscopic ultrasound;  FNA: fine needle aspirate; LDCT: low‐dose computed tomography; VATS: video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery