3. Recall rates, false positives and overdiagnosis .

	Recall rates at overall baseline LDCT recall rate = 18% (8078/44,920)	False positives  Overall false‐positive rate from baseline LDCT = 21% (8874/41857)	Overdiagnosis
Aberle 2011	All chest CTs performed postbaseline LDCT: 20% (5153/26,309) All chest CTs performed postbaseline CXR in control group: 6%	Baseline LDCT: 6911/26,309 (26%) Baseline CXR: 2243/26,035 (7%) 1‐year LDCT: 6728/24715 (27%) 1‐year CXR: 1416/24,089 (6%) 2‐year LDCT: 3838/24,102 (16%) 2‐year CXR: 1094/23, 346 (5%)	At 6.5 years post‐randomisation: 11% (95% CI 3.2 to 18.2) from a public health perspective and 18.5% (95% CI 5.4 to 30.6) from a clinical perspective of all lung cancers 67.6% (95% CI 53.5 to 78.5) from a public health perspective and 78.9% (95% CI 62.2 to 93.5) from a clinical perspective of all BAC   At 11.3 years post‐randomisation: 3.1% of all lung cancers and 79% of BAC from a public health perspective
Becker 2020	Baseline LDCT: 22% (451/2028) 1‐year LDCT: 5% 2‐year LDCT: 4% 3‐year LDCT: 6% 4‐year LDCT: 5%	Baseline LDCT: 426/2028 (21%) 1‐year LDCT: 77/1892 (4%) 2‐year LDCT: 62/1849 (3%) 3‐year LDCT 94/1826 (5%) 4‐year LDCT: 88/1810 (5%)	At 9.7 years post‐randomisation: 17.8% (95% CI ‐7.4 to 44.7) from a public health perspective and 25.4% (95% CI ‐11.3 to 64.3) from a clinical perspective of all lung cancers 90% (95% CI 54.3 to 164.4) from a public health perspective and 112.5% (95% CI 68.2 to 113.1) from a clinical perspective of all BAC
Blanchon 2007	Not available	Baseline LDCT: 73/336 (22%) Baseline CXR: 14/285 (5%)	Not available
De Koning 2020	Baseline LDCT: 19% (1438/7557) 1‐year LDCT: 19%	Baseline LDCT 107/7557 (1%) 1‐year LDCT: 64/7295 (1%) 3‐year LDCT: 276/6922 (4%) 5.5‐year LDCT:  62/5279 (1%)	Not available
Field 2021	Baseline LDCT: 5% (103/1994)	Baseline LDCT: *909/1994 (46%)  **72/1994 (4%)  *when defined as needing any work‐up  **when defined as referred to MDT	Estimated 15% of all lung cancers
Gohagan 2005	Baseline LDCT: 15% (232/1586) Baseline CXR: 5% (76/1550) Overall post‐LDCT: 8% Overall post‐CXR in control group: 3%	Baseline LDCT: 286/1586 (18%) Baseline CXR: 139/1550 (9%)	Not available
Infante 2015	Baseline LDCT: 10% (128/1276)	Not available	Not available
LaRocca 2002	Not available	Not available	Not available
Paci 2017	Baseline LDCT: 23% 366/1406) 1‐year LDCT: 14% 2‐year LDCT: 13% 3‐year LDCT: 11%	Not available	At 11.3 years post‐randomisation, estimated overdiagnosis rates reported as ‐4% using public health perspective and ‐10% from a clinical perspective
Pastorino 2012	Baseline LDCT: 15% in annual group, 14% in (284/2303) biennial group 1‐year LDCT: 3% in annual group, 3% in biennial group 2‐year LDCT: 5% in annual group, 5% in biennial group 3‐year LDCT: 3% in annual group, 7% in biennial group 4‐year LDCT: 2% in annual group, 3% in biennial group 5‐year LDCT: 1% in annual group, 7% in biennial group 6‐year LDCT: 4% in annual group, 5% in biennial group	Median 6 annual LDCT: 54/1152 (5%) Median 3 biennial LDCT: 34/1151 (3%)	Not available
Wille 2016	Baseline LDCT: 8% (155/2047) 1‐year LDCT: 1% 2‐year LDCT: 1% 3‐year LDCT: 1% 4‐year LDCT: 1%	Baseline LDCT: 162/2047 (8%) 1‐year LDCT: 34/1976 (2%) 2‐year LDCT: 39/1944 (2%) 3‐year LDCT: 32/1982 (2%) 4‐year LDCT: 35/1851 (2%)	Estimated 67.2% of lung cancers (95% CI 37.1 to 95.4) from unplanned posthoc analysis

BAC: bronchioalveolar carcinoma; CI: confidence interval; CT: computed tomography; CXR: chest x‐ray; LDCT: low‐dose computed tomography; MDT: multidisciplinary team.