TABLE 2.
Hospital Management and outcomes
| Category | Subcategory | Total Cohort N = 356 | Group A IVIG + Steroid N = 153 | Group B IVIG N = 33 | Group C Steroid N = 43 | Group D None N = 127 | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical variables | |||||||
| Respiratory support a | Any respiratory support | 210 (58.9%) | 82 (53.6%) | 13 (39.4%) | 31 (72.1%) | 84 (56.1%) | 0.005 |
| Nasal cannula | 125 (35.1%) | 57 (37.3%) | 11 (33.3%) | 20 (45.4%) | 37 (29.1%) | 0.18 | |
| HFNC | 70 (19.6%) | 35 (22.9%) | 5 (15.2%) | 18 (41.8%) | 12 (9.4%) | <0.001 | |
| Non‐invasive ventilation | 46 (12.9%) | 20 (13.1%) | 1 (3.0%) | 10 (23.3%) | 15 (11.8%) | 0.06 | |
| Invasive ventilation | 50 (14.0%) | 21 (13.7%) | 2 (6.1%) | 13 (30.2%) | 14 (11.0%) | 0.007 | |
| NO or epoprostenol | 12 (3.3%) | 4 (2.6%) | 1 (3.0%) | 3 (6.9%) | 4 (3.2%) | 0.56 | |
| Other organ support a | Vasopressors/ inotropes | 123 (34.5%) | 72 (47.1%) | 10 (30.3%) | 15 (34.9%) | 26 (20.5%) | <0.001 |
| CRRT/HD | 4 (1.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.68 | |
| ECLS | 6 (1.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.6%) | 3 (2.4%) | 0.24 | |
| Antiviral, Immunomodulatory and other medications b | Remdesivir c | 24 (6.7%) | 8 (5.2%) | 2 (6.1%) | 8 (18.6%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0.01 |
| Azithromycin | 16 (4.5%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (20.9%) | 3 (2.4%) | <0.001 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 5 (1.4%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 3 (2.4%) | 0.53 | |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 54 (15.1%) | 28 (18.3%) | 6 (18.2%) | 13 (30.2%) | 7 (5.4%) | <0.001 | |
| Aspirin | 137 (38.5%) | 160 (69.3%) | 14 (42.4%) | 8 (18.6%) | 9 (7.1%) | <0.001 | |
| Convalescent plasma | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 | |
| Biologicals | 35 (9.8%) | 29 (18.9%) | 1 (3.0%) | 2 (4.6%) | 3 (2.3%) | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin C | 6 (1.6%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (6.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.03 | |
| Vitamin D | 13 (3.6%) | 6 (3.9%) | 2 (6.1%) | 4 (9.3%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.05 | |
| Zinc | 8 (2.2%) | 3 (1.9%) | 1 (3.0%) | 3 (6.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.12 | |
| Mortality | Yes | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 4 (3.2%) | 0.58 | |
| Respiratory support duration (days) d | High Flow Nasal cannula |
1.9 (0.6, 2.9) N = 61 |
1.5 (0.38, 2.1) N = 33 |
1.6 (0.4, 2.8) N = 4 |
2.7 (1.1, 4.0) N = 14 |
2.9 (0.8, 4.7) N = 10 |
0.02 |
| Noninvasive ventilator |
1.9 (0.9, 3.2) N = 37 |
1.8 (0.6, 2.8) N = 17 |
2.1 (2.1, 2.1) N = 1 |
2.7 (1.2, 4.7) N = 8 |
1.2 (0.8, 6.3) N = 11 |
0.58 | |
| Invasive ventilator |
3.9 (1.8, 6.3) N = 42 |
3.4 (0.9, 5.8) N = 20 |
5.4 (5.1, 5.9) N = 2 |
2.1 (1.8, 5.4) N = 11 |
6.5 (2.8, 21.4) N = 9 |
0.12 | |
| Length of stay (days) e | Hospital | 5.7 (3.8, 8.4) | 5.7 (4.0, 8.3) | 5.1 (3.8, 8.2) | 7 (5, 11.1) | 5.0 (3, 8) | 0.04 |
| Intensive care unit |
3.8 (2.3, 6.5) N = 245 |
3.6 (2.1, 5.7) N = 116 |
3.9 (2.0, 6.4) N = 17 |
5 (3.2, 7.8) N = 38 |
3.3 (2.6, 6.1) N = 74 |
0.19 | |
Note: Value represents median (interquartile range) or frequency (percentage).
Abbreviations: CRRT/HD, Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy/Hemodialysis; ECLS, Extra Corporeal Life Support; HFNC, High Flow Nasal Cannula; IVIG, Intravenous Immunoglobulin; NO, Nitric Oxide.
Respiratory and other organ support represent support provided at any time during the hospitalization.
Represent medications given on either of the day 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, or 21 of hospitalization. Organ support and therapeutics are not mutually exclusive.
Remdesivir is only approved by FDA for use in patients 12 years or older.
Missing HFNC duration in 9/70 (12.8%), Non‐invasive ventilator duration in 9/46 (19.5 ), Invasive ventilator duration in 8/50 (16%), ICU length of stay in 2/247 (0.8%).
Hospital and ICU length of stay of deceased patients represented as 99th percentile of total cohort (59.06 days and 33.48 days, respectively).