Table 1.
Cutaneous manifestations following COVID‐19 vaccination (n = number of cases)
| Cutaneous manifestations | Total (n = 44 582) | mRNA vaccine (n = 27 655) | Viral vector vaccine(n = 15 113) | Inactivated viral vaccine (n = 1112) | Protein subunit vaccine (n = 2) | Unidentified vaccine (n = 700) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Acute injection site reaction | 32 173 | 72.17 | 19 106 | 69.09 | 12 110 | 80.13 | 382 | 34.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 575 | 82.14 |
| Rash/unspecified skin eruption | 6158 | 13.81 | 3908 | 14.13 | 1803 | 11.93 | 404 | 36.33 | 0 | 0.00 | 43 | 6.14 |
| Urticaria and/or angio‐oedema | 2913 | 6.53 | 1812 | 6.55 | 920 | 6.09 | 165 | 14.84 | 0 | 0.00 | 16 | 2.29 |
| Pruritus without skin lesion | 1009 | 2.26 | 986 | 3.57 | 6 | 0.04 | 4 | 0.36 | 0 | 0.00 | 13 | 1.86 |
| Delayed large local reactions | 847 | 1.90 | 820 | 2.97 | 24 | 0.16 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.43 |
| Maculopapular rash | 221 | 0.50 | 162 | 0.59 | 36 | 0.24 | 17 | 1.53 | 0 | 0.00 | 6 | 0.86 |
| Herpes zoster | 182 | 0.41 | 134 | 0.49 | 28 | 0.19 | 12 | 1.08 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 | 1.14 |
| Oral blister/ulcer/vesicle | 162 | 0.36 | 121 | 0.44 | 38 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.43 |
| PR/PR‐like lesion | 108 | 0.24 | 65 | 0.24 | 12 | 0.08 | 26 | 2.34 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | 0.71 |
| Vesiculobullous lesion | 86 | 0.19 | 76 | 0.28 | 7 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Petechiae/purpura/ecchymosis | 60 | 0.14 | 19 | 0.07 | 22 | 0.15 | 19 | 1.71 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Chilblains/chilblains‐like lesion | 58 | 0.13 | 43 | 0.16 | 7 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | 0.71 |
| Vasculitis/vasculitic‐like lesion | 46 | 0.10 | 27 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.06 | 9 | 0.81 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| CLE | 42 | 0.09 | 40 | 0.15 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Eczema/eczematous lesion | 40 | 0.09 | 17 | 0.06 | 5 | 0.03 | 18 | 1.62 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Papulovesicular lesion | 35 | 0.08 | 19 | 0.07 | 9 | 0.06 | 7 | 0.63 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Erythromelalgia | 34 | 0.08 | 34 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Erythema multiforme | 31 | 0.07 | 18 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.36 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | 0.71 |
| DIR to dermal filler | 31 | 0.07 | 30 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Psoriasis | 30 | 0.07 | 18 | 0.07 | 10 | 0.07 | 2 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Oral white/red plaque | 27 | 0.06 | 22 | 0.08 | 5 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Anaphylaxis | 23 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.03 | 15 | 1.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Contact dermatitis | 18 | 0.04 | 17 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Herpes simplex virus infection | 16 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.03 | 7 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Residual skin discoloration | 15 | 0.03 | 15 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Angular cheilitis | 14 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Lichen planus | 14 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 50.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Bullous pemphigoid | 13 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| SCARs | 12 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.09 | 1 | 50.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Burning gingiva | 10 | 0.02 | 10 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Alopecia | 11 | 0.03 | 5 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.29 |
| ITP | 8 | 0.02 | 6 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Papulosquamous/pityriasiform lesion | 8 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 | 0.72 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | 7 | 0.02 | 5 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Acne/acneiform lesion | 7 | 0.02 | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Sweet's syndrome | 6 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Fixed drug eruption | 6 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| PRP/PRP‐like lesion | 5 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Hailey–Hailey | 5 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| SDRIFE | 4 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Vitiligo | 4 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Reaction to breast implant | 4 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Rust‐like discoloration | 4 | 0.01 | 4 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Alopecia areata | 4 | 0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 3 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Erythema nodosum | 4 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.29 |
| Livedo reticularis | 4 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Toxic erythema | 4 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 0.57 |
| Granuloma annulare | 3 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Skin necrosis | 3 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Hay fever | 3 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Still's disease | 2 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Nicolau syndrome | 2 | <0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Multisystem inflammatory syndrome | 2 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Radiation recall dermatitis | 2 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Exfoliation of the skin of the palms | 2 | <0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Local skin reaction on BCG scar | 2 | <0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Papulopustular lesion | 2 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Lymphomatoid drug reaction | 2 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Palmar erythema | 2 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Pityriasis lichenoides | 2 | <0.01 | 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Eruptive cherry haemangiomatosis | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Erythema annulare centrifugum | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Livedo racemosa | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Pseudolymphoma | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Rowell's syndrome | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Viral warts | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Psoriasiform eruption | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Darier's disease | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Erythema migrans | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Lichen striatus | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Primary cutaneous CD30‐positive lymphoproliferative disorder | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Eschar | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Lipschütz ulcer | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Superficial venous thrombosis | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Eosinophilic cellulitis | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Pigmented purpuric dermatosis | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Serum sickness‐like reaction | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Eosinophilic dermatosis | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Linear IgA bullous dermatosis | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Exuberant lichenoid eruption | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Multibacillary leprosy | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Subcutaneous nodule | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Insect bite | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Morphoea | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Raynaud | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Sarcoidosis | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Facial oedema | 1 | <0.01 | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Folliculitis | 1 | <0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
CLE, cutaneous lupus erythematosus; DIR, delayed inflammatory reactions; ITP, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; PR, pityriasis rosea; PRP, pityriasis rubra pilaris; SCARs, severe cutaneous adverse reactions; SDRIFE, systemic drug‐related intertriginous and flexural exanthema.