TABLE 1.
Maternal characteristics of the included VeCaS‐population of low‐risk pregnant women in the prepandemic (2019, n = 2963) and COVID‐19 pandemic period (2020, n = 2950), total n = 5913
| 2019 | 2020 | Statistical differences between 2019–2020 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Primiparous | Multiparous | Total | Primiparous | Multiparous | Total | Primiparous | Multiparous | |
| n = 2963 | n = 1317 | n = 1646 | n = 2950 | n = 1319 | n = 1631 | ||||
| 100% | 44% | 56% | 100% | 45% | 55% | ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P‐value | P‐value | P‐value | |
| Maternal age (years) | |||||||||
| ≤25 | 288 (9.7) | 210 (15.9) | 78 (4.7) | 267 (9.1) | 191 (14.5) | 76 (4.7) | 0.467 | 0.239 | 0.965 |
| 26–30 | 712 (24.0 | 434 (33.0) | 278 (16.9) | 674 (22.8) | 403 (30.6) | 271 (16.6) | |||
| 31–35 | 1306 (44.1 | 517 (39.3) | 789 (47.9) | 1323 (44.8) | 549 (41.6) | 774 (47.5) | |||
| ≥35 | 657 (22.2) | 156 (11.8) | 501 (30.4 | 686 (23.3) | 176 (13.3) | 510 (31.3) | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Partner/spouse | 2865 (98.0) | 1265 (98.0) | 1600 (98.0) | 2850 (98.1) | 1269 (97.6) | 1581 (98.4) | 0.803 | 0.520 | 0.319 |
| Single | 59 (2.0) | 26 (2.0) | 33 (2.0) | 56 (1.9) | 31 (2.4) | 25 (1.6) | |||
| Missing | 39 | 26 | 13 | 44 | 19 | 25 | |||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Low (<p25) | 788 (26.8) | 371 (28.3) | 417 (25.6) | 750 (25.6) | 333 (25.4) | 417 (25.8) | 0.414 | 0.247 | 0.428 |
| Medium (p25‐p75) | 1602 (54.4) | 698 (53.2) | 904 (55.4) | 1596 (54.5) | 729 (55.6) | 867 (53.6) | |||
| High (>p75) | 554 (18.8) | 244 (18.6) | 310 (19.0) | 585 (20.0) | 250 (19.1) | 335 (20.7) | |||
| Missing | 19 | 4 | 15 | 19 | 7 | 12 | |||
| Level of urbanization a | |||||||||
| Extremely urbanized | 358 (12.1) | 192 (14.6) | 166 (10.1) | 328 (11.1) | 169 (12.8) | 159 (9.8) | 0.199 | 0.335 | 0.671 |
| Strongly urbanized | 618 (20.9) | 289 (22.0) | 329 (20.1) | 629 (21.4) | 301 (22.9) | 328 (20.2) | |||
| Moderately urbanized | 701 (23.7) | 302 (22.9) | 399 (24.4) | 645 (21.9) | 274 (20.8) | 371 (22.8) | |||
| Hardly urbanized | 745 (25.2) | 312 (23.7) | 433 (26.4) | 804 (27.3) | 339 (25.7) | 465 (28.6) | |||
| Not urbanized | 532 (18.0) | 221 (16.8) | 311 (19.0) | 538 (18.3) | 234 (17.8) | 304 (18.7) | |||
| Missing | 9 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 4 | |||
| Migration Background a | |||||||||
| Dutch | 2312 (80.3) | 1032 (81.1) | 1280 (79.6) | 2288 (79.0) | 1033 (80.3) | 1255 (77.9) | 0.074 | 0.286 | 0.065 |
| Western Non‐Dutch | 208 (7.2) | 101 (7.9) | 107 (6.7) | 252 (8.7) | 105 (8.2) | 147 (9.1) | |||
| Non‐Western | 348 (12.1) | 136 (10.7) | 212 (13.2) | 336 (11.6) | 138 (10.7) | 198 (12.3) | |||
| Other | 12 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 9 (0.6) | 21 (0.7) | 10 (0.8) | 11 (0.7) | |||
| Missing | 83 | 45 | 38 | 53 | 33 | 20 | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 2551 (88.5) | 1120 (87.0) | 1431 (89.7) | 2530 (88.0) | 1102 (85.6) | 1428 (89.9) | 0.371 | 0.159 | 0.969 |
| Stopped in first trimester | 181 (6.3) | 98 (7.6) | 83 (5.2) | 205 (7.1) | 124 (9.6) | 81 (5.1) | |||
| Yes | 152 (5.3) | 70 (5.4) | 82 (5.1) | 141 (4.9) | 62 (4.8) | 79 (5.0) | |||
| Missing | 79 | 29 | 50 | 74 | 31 | 43 | |||
| Prepregnancy body mass index | |||||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 76 (2.6) | 38 (2.9) | 38 (2.4) | 74 (2.5) | 39 (3.0) | 35 (2.2) | 0.982 | 0.226 | 0.468 |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1783 (60.9) | 848 (64.7) | 935 (57.8) | 1766 (60.5) | 818 (62.3) | 948 (59.0) | |||
| Pre‐obesity (25–29.9) | 712 (24.3) | 280 (21.4) | 432 (26.7) | 725 (24.8) | 312 (23.8) | 413 (25.7) | |||
| Obesity (>30) | 356 (12.2) | 144 (11.0) | 212 (13.1) | 354 (12.2) | 144 (10.9) | 210 (13.1) | |||
| Missing | 36 | 7 | 29 | 31 | 6 | 25 | |||
Level of urbanization was categorized as: (a) extremely urbanized (≥2500 addresses/km2), (b) strongly urbanized (1500–2500 addresses/km2), (c) moderately urbanized (1000–1500 addresses/km2), (d) hardly urbanized (500–1000 addresses/km2), and (5) not urbanized (<500 addresses/km2).
For migration background, the definitions of Statistics Netherlands (Centraal Bureau Statistiek) were applied. Migration background was based on the woman’s parents’ country of birth or her own country of birth. Western is defined as originating from a country in Europe (excluding Turkey), North America and Oceania, or from Indonesia or Japan.