Table 3. Probiotics against MS .
| Probiotics | Study design | Type of MS/ study models | Effect of probiotics | Ref. |
| Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus |
Clinical trial: MS subjects with glatiramer Acetate treatment - 7 Without treatment - 2 Healthy controls - 13 |
Relapsing-remitting MS | Inhibits the infiltration of intermediated monocytes into the CNS | 72 |
| Lactobacillus paracasei and L. plantarum | Female Lewis rats 6–8-week age | Experimental auto immune myasthenia gravis |
Reduces the CNS inflammation Inhibits Th1 and Th17 cytokines |
73 |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Female mice wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (10 weeks-age) | EAE | Reduced TH1/TH17 cells and their associated cytokines IFN-g/IL-17 | 74 |
| Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis | Female C57BL/6 mice (8–10 weeks age) | EAE | Improved the state of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+-expressing T-cells in the spleen and the lymph nodes | 75 |
| Saccharomyces boulardii | Double-blind randomized controlled two-group parallel Clinical trial of 50 MS patients | MS | Reduces CNS inflammation, fatigue, pain and oxidative stress | 24 |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 40 MS patients | MS | Down regulates the gene expressions of IL-8 and TNF-α | 76 |
| Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus | C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks-age) | EAE |
MOG-reactive T cell propagation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are reduced and improving IL10+ or/and Foxp3+ Treg cells. Inhibits the pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 polarization. |
77 |
| Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 | 32 male Wistar rats | Ethidium bromide induced demyelination | Improves the spatial memory and learning. | 78 |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 60 MS patients | MS | Shows improvements in expanded disability status scale, mental health and HDL- cholesterol levels. | 79 |
| Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 48 MS patients | MS | Decreases the levels of hsCRP and IL-6 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 | 80 |
| Streptococcus thermophilus | Female SJL/J mice, (6–9 weeks age) | MBP83–99 peptide immunized MS model | Inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ and enhances the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 | 81 |