Table 4.
Covariate-adjusteda associations of 2nd and 3rd trimester mean blood pressure (mmHg) for each increase in quartile and per doubling of early-pregnancy plasma PFAS concentrations (ng/mL) (n = 1,557)b.
| Mean SBP (mmHg) | Mean DBP (mmHg) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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| 2nd Trimester | 3rd Trimester | 2nd Trimester | 3rd Trimester | ||
|
|
|
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| PFAS | Beta (95% CI) | Beta (95% CI) | Beta (95% CI) | Beta (95% CI) | |
|
| |||||
| PFOS | Q1 (0.1–18.7) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Q2 (18.8–25.6) | 0.19 (−0.87, 1.25) | 0.39 (−0.73, 1.51) | 0.78 (0.00, 1.57) | 0.87 (0.03, 1.71) | |
| Q3 (25.7–34.7) | 0.51 (−0.55, 1.57) | 0.70 (−0.41, 1.82) | 0.95 (0.17, 1.73) | 0.98 (0.14, 1.82) | |
| Q4 (34.8–185) | 0.99 (−0.08, 2.06) | 1.03 (−0.09, 2.16) | 0.98 (0.19, 1.77) | 0.90 (0.06, 1.75) | |
| Per doubling | 0.41 (−0.07, 0.89) | 0.46 (−0.04, 0.96) | 0.46 (0.11, 0.82) | 0.43 (0.05, 0.80) | |
| PFOA | Q1 (0.3–4.2) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Q2 (4.3–5.9) | 0.63 (−0.42, 1.67) | 0.29 (−0.82, 1.39) | 0.22 (−0.55, 0.99) | 0.27 (−0.56, 1.10) | |
| Q3 (6.0–7.9) | −0.46 (−1.53, 0.61) | 0.03 (−1.10, 1.17) | 0.09 (−0.70, 0.88) | 0.31 (−0.54, 1.17) | |
| Q4 (8.0–36.7) | 0.89 (−0.18, 1.97) | 1.33 (0.20, 2.47) | 0.87 (0.07, 1.66) | 1.04 (0.19, 1.89) | |
| Per doubling | 0.32 (−0.22, 0.85) | 0.62 (0.06, 1.18) | 0.39 (−0.01, 0.78) | 0.56 (0.14, 0.98) | |
| PFHxS | Q1 (0.1–1.6) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Q2 (1.7–2.5) | −0.47 (−1.54, 0.59) | −0.16 (−1.29, 0.96) | 0.30 (−0.48, 1.09) | 0.30 (−0.54, 1.15) | |
| Q3 (2.6–3.8) | −0.18 (−1.23, 0.88) | −0.21 (−1.33, 0.90) | 0.62 (−0.16, 1.40) | 0.28 (−0.56, 1.12) | |
| Q4 (3.9–74.5) | −0.44 (−1.54, 0.66) | −0.05 (−1.20, 1.11) | 0.50 (−0.31, 1.31) | 0.46 (−0.41, 1.33) | |
| Per doubling | −0.22 (−0.57, 0.13) | −0.14 (−0.51, 0.23) | 0.07 (−0.19, 0.33) | 0.09 (−0.19, 0.37) | |
| PFNA | Q1 (0.1–0.5) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Q2 (0.6–0.7) | 0.66 (−0.31, 1.62) | 0.47 (−0.55, 1.50) | 0.01 (−0.71, 0.72) | 0.34 (−0.43, 1.10) | |
| Q3 (0.8–0.9) | −0.08 (−1.20, 1.05) | 0.36 (−0.83, 1.55) | −0.19 (−1.02, 0.65) | 0.27 (−0.63, 1.16) | |
| Q4 (1.0–6.0) | −0.39 (−1.42, 0.65) | 0.14 (−0.95, 1.23) | −0.29 (−1.05, 0.47) | −0.14 (−0.96, 0.68) | |
| Per doubling | −0.27 (−0.75, 0.21) | −0.01 (−0.52, 0.50) | −0.02 (−0.38, 0.34) | 0.05 (−0.33, 0.44) | |
| EtFOSAA | Q1 (0.1–0.7) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Q2 (0.8–1.2) | 0.35 (−0.69, 1.39) | 0.77 (−0.32, 1.87) | 0.55 (−0.22, 1.32) | 1.04 (0.22, 1.87) | |
| Q3 (1.3–1.9) | −0.46 (−1.53, 0.62) | 0.40 (−0.74, 1.53) | 0.52 (−0.27, 1.32) | 0.51 (−0.34, 1.36) | |
| Q4 (2.0–33.6) | 0.53 (−0.56, 1.61) | 0.57 (−0.58, 1.71) | 0.62 (−0.18, 1.42) | 0.53 (−0.33, 1.39) | |
| Per doubling | 0.16 (−0.19, 0.51) | 0.17 (−0.19, 0.54) | 0.22 (−0.04, 0.48) | 0.12 (−0.16, 0.40) | |
| MeFOSAA | Q1 (0.1–1.3) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Q2 (1.4–1.9) | 0.43 (−0.64, 1.50) | 0.65 (−0.48, 1.77) | 0.46 (−0.33, 1.25) | 0.80 (−0.04, 1.65) | |
| Q3 (2.0–3.2) | −0.17 (−1.20, 0.85) | 0.12 (−0.96, 1.20) | 0.35 (−0.40, 1.11) | 0.26 (−0.55, 1.07) | |
| Q4 (3.3–29.7) | 0.06 (−1.01, 1.13) | 0.15 (−0.98, 1.28) | 0.15 (−0.64, 0.95) | 0.37 (−0.48, 1.22) | |
| Per doubling | 0.01 (−0.39, 0.40) | 0.14 (−0.27, 0.56) | 0.06 (−0.23, 0.36) | 0.19 (−0.13, 0.50) | |
| PFDA | <0.1 ng/mL | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| ≥0.1 ng/mL | −0.83 (−1.61, −0.06) | −0.79 (−1.61, 0.03) | −0.24 (−0.81, 0.33) | −0.31 (−0.92, 0.31) | |
Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetate; PFDA, perfluorodecanoate.
a
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, smoking status, and education.
b
n = 1,557 for 2nd trimester and n = 1,551 for 3rd trimester.