TABLE 4.
Relative hazards of incident prostate cancer, by tumor classification and race (comparing 90th with 10th percentiles of all dairy users or of calcium variables, respectively)1
| HR (95% CI; P value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All prostate cancers | Advanced cases2 | Nonadvanced cases3 |
| All participants (N = 28,737; all cases = 1254, advanced cases = 190, nonadvanced cases = 1043; 21 uncategorized) | |||
| Total dairy,4,5,6 g/d | 1.27 (1.12. 1.43; 1.0e-4) | 1.38 (1.02, 1.88; 0.039) | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45; 4.0e-4) |
| Dairy energy,4,5,6 kcal/d | 1.22 (1.10, 1.34; 1.5e-4) | 1.26 (0.98, 1.63; 0.077) | 1.22 (1.09, 1.37; 4.0e-4) |
| Total calcium7 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.28; 0.34) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.79; 0.44) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30; 0.35) |
| Supplemental calcium7,8 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26; 0.40) | 1.29 (0.86, 1.93; 0.21) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26; 0.50) |
| Dietary calcium4,7,8 | 1.14 (0.98, 1.31; 0.08) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49; 0.89) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.36; 0.055) |
| Nondairy calcium4,7,9 | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44; 0.17) | 1.05 (0.53, 2.05; 0.89) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.31; 0.91) |
| Black participants (N = 6389; all cases = 328, advanced cases = 41,10 nonadvanced cases = 283, 4 uncategorized) | |||
| Total dairy,4,5,6 g/d | 1.24 (0.98, 1.58; 0.078) | 10 | 1.34 (1.03, 1.74; 0.031) |
| Dairy energy,4,5,6 kcal/d | 1.21 (0.99, 1.48; 0.065) | 10 | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62; 0.024) |
| Total calcium7 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40; 0.94) | 10 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49; 0.79) |
| Supplemental calcium7,8 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.42; 0.77) | 10 | 1.04 (0.75, 1.46; 0.80) |
| Dietary calcium4,7,8 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.54; 0.41) | 10 | 1.25 (0.90, 1.73; 0.19) |
| Nondairy calcium4,7,9 | 0.74 (0.45, 1.24; 0.26) | 10 | 0.70 (0.40, 1.23; 0.21) |
| Nonblack participants (N = 22,348; all cases = 926, advanced cases = 149, nonadvanced cases = 760) | |||
| Total dairy,4,5,6 g/d | 1.26 (1.10, 1.45; 9.3e-4) | 1.61 (1.12, 2.31; 0.0098) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.44; 0.0066) |
| Dairy energy,4,5,6 kcal/d | 1.21 (1.07, 1.35; 0.0015) | 1.43 (1.05, 1.94; 0.024) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.35; 0.0072) |
| Total calcium7 | 1.09 (0.91, 1.31; 0.36) | 1.24 (0.79, 1.97; 0.35) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34; 0.41) |
| Supplemental calcium7,8 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27; 0.53) | 1.28 (0.82, 2.01; 0.28) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28; 0.62) |
| Dietary calcium4,7,8 | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33; 0.15) | 1.12 (0.74, 1.68; 0.59) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.36; 0.16) |
| Nondairy calcium4,7,9 | 1.09 (0.81, 1.47; 0.58) | 1.12 (0.50, 2.40; 0.77) | 1.11 (0.80, 1.55; 0.54) |
Results are those from competing risks Cox proportional hazards regressions. Adjusting for age (attained age as time variable), race (black/nonblack), education (up to high school graduate, trade school/some college/associate degree, bachelor degree or higher), moderate or vigorous exercise (none, ≤60 min/wk, >60 min/wk), family history of prostate cancer (yes, no), history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (yes, no), prostate cancer screening, treated for diabetes mellitus within the past year (yes, no), height, BMI (in kg/m2; <24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, ≥35), and dietary energy (kcal). Statistical testing used Wald tests.
Regional or metastatic spread or a Gleason score of 4 + 3 or greater.
Localized cases with a Gleason score of 3 + 4 or less.
Additionally adjusted for supplemental calcium.
Additionally adjusted nondairy calcium.
Dairy models additionally adjusted for red meat, soy, cooked tomatoes, nuts and seeds, and legumes (no soy), measured in grams, as energy-adjusted and log-transformed continuous variables.
Additionally adjusted for total isoflavones, α-tocopherol equivalents, fiber, α-linolenic acid, and lycopene as energy-adjusted and log-transformed continuous variables. Calcium models not adjusted for dairy.
Additionally adjusted for dietary calcium.
Additionally adjusted for dairy calcium.
Too few cases for multivariate analyses in black participants with advanced cancers.