TABLE 3.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants of the T2D case-cohort in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk cohort1
| Subcohort | T2D cases (n = 659) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 846) | Q1 (n = 169) | Q2 (n = 169) | Q3 (n = 169) | Q4 (n = 169) | Q5 (n = 170) | ||
| Red meat intake, g/d | 33.6 ± 29.1 | 20.7 ± 20.7 | 25.8 ± 22.2 | 29.4 ± 22.7 | 40.9 ± 28.0 | 51.3 ± 37.8 | 39.3 ± 30.6 |
| Age, y | 59.0 ± 9.4 | 59.3 ± 9.5 | 58.5 ± 9.4 | 58.9 ± 9.5 | 59.4 ± 9.3 | 58.7 ± 9.3 | 61.8 ± 8.3 |
| Female | 489 (58) | 133 (79) | 115 (68) | 89 (53) | 90 (53) | 62 (36) | 275 (42) |
| Education | |||||||
| No | 321 (38) | 69 (41) | 62 (37) | 59 (35) | 72 (43) | 59 (35) | 309 (47) |
| O-level | 79 (9) | 20 (12) | 14 (8) | 17 (10) | 11 (7) | 17 (10) | 54 (8) |
| A-level | 329 (39) | 60 (36) | 64 (38) | 72 (43) | 66 (39) | 67 (39) | 229 (35) |
| Degree | 117 (14) | 20 (12) | 29 (17) | 21 (12) | 20 (12) | 27 (16) | 67 (10) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Current | 112 (13) | 15 (9) | 17 (10) | 19 (11) | 27 (16) | 34 (20) | 79 (12) |
| Former | 328 (39) | 53 (31) | 59 (35) | 63 (37) | 69 (41) | 84 (49) | 320 (49) |
| Never | 406 (48) | 101 (60) | 93 (55) | 87 (51) | 73 (43) | 52 (31) | 260 (39) |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 11.7 ± 16.7 | 6.33 ± 8.71 | 11.0 ± 16.3 | 12.8 ± 17.0 | 10.6 ± 15.7 | 17.8 ± 21.2 | 11.4 ± 19.0 |
| PA | |||||||
| Inactive | 234 (28) | 54 (32) | 37 (22) | 51 (30) | 42 (25) | 50 (29) | 290 (44) |
| Moderately inactive | 244 (29) | 46 (27) | 65 (38) | 39 (23) | 46 (27) | 48 (28) | 157 (24) |
| Moderately active | 206 (24) | 39 (23) | 37 (22) | 45 (27) | 44 (26) | 41 (24) | 122 (19) |
| Active | 162 (19) | 30 (18) | 30 (18) | 34 (20) | 37 (22) | 31 (18) | 90 (14) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 3.71 | 25.3 ± 3.37 | 26.1 ± 3.85 | 26.6 ± 3.79 | 26.0 ± 3.72 | 26.2 ± 3.71 | 29.6 ± 4.51 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1940 ± 516 | 1790 ± 434 | 1850 ± 444 | 1980 ± 543 | 2030 ± 560 | 2060 ± 537 | 1940 ± 538 |
| Processed meat intake, g/d | 21.7 ± 19.7 | 16.3 ± 19.2 | 19.1 ± 17.2 | 19.5 ± 17.2 | 25.7 ± 21.5 | 28.0 ± 20.9 | 25.1 ± 21.1 |
| Poultry intake, g/d | 25.8 ± 25.3 | 19.6 ± 21.7 | 27.0 ± 25.6 | 26.2 ± 25.1 | 28.0 ± 24.5 | 28.2 ± 28.3 | 24.0 ± 26.5 |
| Fruit intake, g/d | 167 ± 124 | 205 ± 138 | 177 ± 117 | 171 ± 119 | 158 ± 128 | 124 ± 99.6 | 151 ± 137 |
| Vegetable intake, g/d | 150 ± 68.6 | 152 ± 63.5 | 149 ± 69.8 | 152 ± 72.1 | 148 ± 67.3 | 147 ± 70.5 | 146 ± 80.9 |
| Fatty fish intake, g/d | 13.3 ± 22.3 | 15.9 ± 22.5 | 15.1 ± 28.9 | 12.5 ± 17.6 | 12.2 ± 22.7 | 10.7 ± 17.7 | 13.9 ± 27.6 |
| White fish intake, g/d | 15.9 ± 17.6 | 15.1 ± 17.0 | 13.5 ± 15.0 | 16.7 ± 18.5 | 18.4 ± 21.0 | 15.7 ± 15.8 | 16.3 ± 22.3 |
| Legumes intake, g/d | 26.7 ± 26.9 | 26.7 ± 27.7 | 22.8 ± 23.4 | 26.4 ± 26.3 | 29.9 ± 31.4 | 27.6 ± 25.0 | 28.7 ± 29.8 |
| Nuts intake, g/d | 2.20 ± 5.66 | 2.36 ± 6.15 | 2.15 ± 4.84 | 2.22 ± 5.61 | 1.63 ± 4.51 | 2.62 ± 6.87 | 2.04 ± 7.25 |
| Dairy intake, g/d | 218 ± 142 | 220 ± 140 | 210 ± 146 | 215 ± 133 | 246 ± 135 | 197 ± 152 | 216 ± 159 |
| Egg intake, g/d | 14.0 ± 17.0 | 11.9 ± 17.6 | 12.2 ± 13.3 | 14.3 ± 17.4 | 13.9 ± 15.3 | 17.8 ± 20.3 | 15.3 ± 17.3 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage intake, g/d | 30.9 ± 65.7 | 19.9 ± 51.6 | 31.2 ± 62.1 | 37.9 ± 74.6 | 29.3 ± 56.1 | 36.4 ± 78.8 | 45.1 ± 127 |
1
Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for categoric variables. PA, physical activity; Q, the red meat metabolite score in quintiles; T2D, type 2 diabetes.