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. 2022 Mar 30;45(4):2503–2515. doi: 10.1007/s10143-022-01778-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Recommended orthogonal ultrasound fans for different craniotomies with expected anatomical and vascular landmarks. Model of orthogonal ultrasound sweeps for common craniotomy sites. Probe positioned to achieve views that approximate to standard anatomical planes on CT/MRI. Patient positioned to ensure the craniotomy is as horizontal as possible to allow retention of fluid in the resection cavity for optimal ultrasound coupling