Table 1.
Background and anthropometric data for the AGA, SGA, LGA groups at follow-up
| AGA | (N = 48) | SGA | (N = 23) | LGA | (N = 19) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes | 5 | 0 | 14*** | < 0.001 | |||
| Maternal pre-eclampsia | 3 | 8** | 1 | 0.003 | |||
| Child sex (male/female) | 27/21 | 9/14 | 9/10 | 0.376 | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 34.9 | 34.1; 39.3 | 37.6 | 34.6; 38.1 | 35.7 | 34.6; 37.6 | 0.602 |
| Birth weight (g) | 2550 | 2195; 3474 | 2005*** | 1735; 2390 | 4060*** | 3740; 4480 | < 0.001 |
| Birth weight (Z-score) | 0.06 | − 0.69; 0.85 | − 2.67*** | − 2.86; − 1.97 | 3.87*** | 3.10; 4.13 | < 0.001 |
| Weight at 1 y (Z-score) | − 0.03 | ± 1.01 | − 0.98** | ± 1.30 | 0.39 | ± 0.76 | < 0.001 |
| Age at follow-up (years) | 5.8 | 5.7; 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.7; 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.7; 5.9 | 0.776 |
| Height (cm) | 116.8 | ± 4.5 | 111.8*** | ± 4.5 | 117.5 | ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
| Height (Z-score) | − 0.03 | ± 0.90 | − 1.15*** | ± 1.06 | 0.18 | ± 0.65 | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 20.1 | 18.0; 22.3 | 17.9** | 15.2; 20.7 | 22.6** | 21.2; 23.9 | < 0.001 |
| Weight (Z-score) | − 0.83 | ± 1.28 | − 1.48 | ± 2.02 | 0.38*** | ± 1.03 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 14.9 | 14.0; 15.7 | 13.9 | 13.1; 15.9 | 16.1** | 15.3; 16.9 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Z-score) | − 0.80 | ± 1.29 | − 1.38 | ± 1.92 | 0.38*** | ± 1.04 | < 0.001 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 0.81 | ± 0.07 | 0.75** | ± 0.08 | 0.86* | ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
| Thoracic circumference (cm) | 56.4 | 54.0; 57.8 | 53.5** | 50.0; 56.1 | 57.7 | 55.5; 61.0 | < 0.001 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 17.7 | ± 1.9 | 15.8*** | ± 1.8 | 18.9* | ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 13 | 9; 16 | 8 | 4; 15 | 15 | 12; 18 | 0.046 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 101 | ± 7 | 102 | ± 10 | 100 | ± 6 | 0.790 |
| Systolic BP (Z-score) | 0.65 | ± 0.67 | 0.85 | ± 0.88 | 0.53 | ± 0.66 | 0.334 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 60 | 56; 65 | 58 | 56; 65 | 58 | 55; 62 | 0.780 |
| Diastolic BP (Z-score) | 0.31 | 0.00; 0.95 | 0.36 | 0.15; 0.99 | 0.28 | − 0.08; 0.61 | 0.538 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 84 | ± 11 | 83 | ± 12 | 81 | ± 8 | 0.514 |
Data are given as mean ± SD, median Q1; Q3 or count. P correspond to ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis or Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test, as appropriate. Significant differences in post hoc tests (Dunnet, Games–Howell, Mann–Whitney U, or Z test for proportions) between SGA or LGA and AGA in are indicated with *, **, *** corresponding to two-sided significance levels of < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001. respectively. The significance levels of Mann–Whitney U test and Z test for proportions are Bonferroni-corrected for two group comparisons
AGA appropriate for gestational age; BP blood pressure; LGA large for gestational age; SGA small for gestational age