TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized SARS‐CoV‐2 infected by rural category, January 2020‐June 2021
| Characteristic |
Urban, N = 165,483 a |
Urban‐adjacent rural, N = 16,974 a |
Nonurban‐adjacent rural, N = 4,425 a |
P value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | <.001 | |||
| Female | 83,363 (50%) | 8,316 (49%) | 2,048 (46%) | |
| Male | 82,120 (50%) | 8,658 (51%) | 2,377 (54%) | |
| Age group | <.001 | |||
| <18 | 7,334 (4.4%) | 796 (4.7%) | 178 (4.0%) | |
| 18‐29 | 14,736 (8.9%) | 1,311 (7.7%) | 266 (6.0%) | |
| 30‐49 | 36,285 (22%) | 3,163 (19%) | 665 (15%) | |
| 50‐64 | 43,245 (26%) | 4,536 (27%) | 1,235 (28%) | |
| > = 65 | 63,883 (39%) | 7,168 (42%) | 2,081 (47%) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 59 (41, 72) | 61 (44, 73) | 63 (49, 74) | |
| Race | <.001 | |||
| White | 80,804 (49%) | 12,514 (74%) | 3,459 (78%) | |
| Black or AA | 38,488 (23%) | 2,358 (14%) | 606 (14%) | |
| Asian or NHPI | 6,677 (4.0%) | 140 (0.8%) | <20 c | |
| Other | 1,448 (0.9%) | 114 (0.7%) | <50 c | |
| Missing/unknown | 38,066 (23%) | 1,848 (11%) | 321 (7.3%) | |
| Ethnicity | <.001 | |||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 116,360 (70%) | 14,261 (84%) | 3,690 (83%) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 37,584 (23%) | 1,705 (10%) | 249 (5.6%) | |
| Missing/unknown | 11,539 (7.0%) | 1,008 (5.9%) | 486 (11%) | |
| BMI category | <.001 | |||
| <18.5 | 4,483 (2.7%) | 358 (2.1%) | 82 (1.9%) | |
| 18.5‐24.9 | 25,511 (15%) | 2,244 (13%) | 594 (13%) | |
| 25‐29.9 | 30,836 (19%) | 2,959 (17%) | 764 (17%) | |
| >30 | 55,183 (33%) | 6,667 (39%) | 1,834 (41%) | |
| Unknown/missing | 49,470 (30%) | 4,746 (28%) | 1,151 (26%) | |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 29 (25, 35) | 30 (26, 36) | 30 (26, 36) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Composite | <.001 | |||
| <1.0 | 92,410 (56%) | 8,527 (50%) | 2,191 (50%) | |
| 1.0‐2.0 | 34,998 (21%) | 3,607 (21%) | 921 (21%) | |
| >2.0 | 38,075 (23%) | 4,840 (29%) | 1,313 (30%) | |
| Composite score, median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | |
| Comorbidity incidence | ||||
| Hypertension | 55,857 (34%) | 6,506 (38%) | 1,723 (39%) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 35,694 (22%) | 4,247 (25%) | 1,089 (25%) | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 8,950 (5.4%) | 1,103 (6.5%) | 306 (6.9%) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 18,359 (11%) | 2,252 (13%) | 648 (15%) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14,695 (8.9%) | 1,839 (11%) | 472 (11%) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 13,700 (8.3%) | 1,651 (9.7%) | 424 (9.6%) | <.001 |
| Dementia | 6,379 (3.9%) | 644 (3.8%) | 185 (4.2%) | .5 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 25,521 (15%) | 3,078 (18%) | 811 (18%) | <.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 6,039 (3.6%) | 714 (4.2%) | 161 (3.6%) | .001 |
| Mild or severe liver disease | 10,784 (6.5%) | 1,211 (7.1%) | 368 (8.3%) | <.001 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 2,631 (1.6%) | 358 (2.1%) | 80 (1.8%) | <.001 |
| Renal disease | 21,145 (13%) | 2,717 (16%) | 758 (17%) | <.001 |
| Any malignancy (except skin) | 13,658 (8.3%) | 1,797 (11%) | 534 (12%) | <.001 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 3,149 (1.9%) | 418 (2.5%) | 109 (2.5%) | <.001 |
| HIV/AIDS | 1,115 (0.7%) | 53 (0.3%) | <20 c | <.001 |
| Multiple comorbidities | 80,485 (49%) | 9,159 (54%) | 2,420 (55%) | <.001 |
| Current or former smoker | 53,254 (32%) | 3,571 (21%) | 1,102 (25%) | <.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Any oxygen support | 15,310 (9.3%) | 2,112 (12%) | 486 (11%) | <.001 |
| Any mechanical ventilation | 15,289 (9.2%) | 2,428 (14%) | 674 (15%) | <.001 |
| Hospital readmission | 7,897 (4.8%) | 1,015 (6.0%) | 258 (5.8%) | <.001 |
| MACE | 17,425 (11%) | 2,684 (16%) | 803 (18%) | <.001 |
| ECMO | 880 (0.5%) | 151 (0.9%) | 40 (0.9%) | <.001 |
| All‐cause inpatient mortality or hospice | 21,580 (13%) | 2,943 (17%) | 800 (18%) | <.001 |
| Time to death in days, median (IQR) | 15 (7, 35) | 15 (7, 36) | 15 (7, 33) | .5 |
| Quarter of diagnosis | <.001 | |||
| Jan‐Mar 2020 | 8,995 (5.4%) | 126 (0.7%) | 40 (0.9%) | |
| Apr‐Jun 2020 | 35,175 (21%) | 1,695 (10.0%) | 451 (10%) | |
| Jul‐Sep 2020 | 19,319 (12%) | 2,497 (15%) | 617 (14%) | |
| Oct‐Dec 2020 | 51,346 (31%) | 6,412 (38%) | 1,593 (36%) | |
| Jan‐Mar 2021 | 35,340 (21%) | 4,180 (25%) | 1,150 (26%) | |
| Apr‐Jun 2021 | 15,308 (9.3%) | 2,064 (12%) | 574 (13%) | |
| Subregion | <.001 | |||
| New England | 10,622 (6.4%) | 558 (3.3%) | 399 (9.0%) | |
| Middle Atlantic | 43,115 (26%) | 110 (0.6%) | 39 (0.9%) | |
| South Atlantic | 32,000 (19%) | 5,191 (31%) | 1,483 (34%) | |
| East South Central | 9,839 (5.9%) | 3,923 (23%) | 730 (16%) | |
| East North Central | 40,878 (25%) | 3,305 (19%) | 672 (15%) | |
| West North Central | 8,005 (4.8%) | 2,646 (16%) | 807 (18%) | |
| West South Central | 631 (0.4%) | 75 (0.4%) | <30 c | |
| Mountain | 13,209 (8.0%) | 1,079 (6.4%) | 264 (6.0%) | |
| Pacific | 7,184 (4.3%) | 87 (0.5%) | <20 c | |
a
Statistics presented: n (%).
b
Statistical tests performed: chi‐square test of independence, Kruskal‐Wallis test.
c
Censored to remove small cell count or potential reidentification of small cell count.