TABLE 1.

Selected studies on stigmatization and violence against and between healthcare workers during COVID‐19

Reference	Country	Country'sincomestatus	Studydesign	Samplesize(N)	Men(n)	Age(medianyears)	HCWs (n)			Outcomes	Stigmatization(n [%])	Violence(n [%])
							Doctor	Nurse	Alliedhealth
Dye et al., 2020	USA	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	7411	366	<32, >32				General violence		595 (8)
Elhadi et al., 2020	Libya	Low	Cross‐sectional	745	358	33.3	265			Stigmatization	231 (31)
Khanal et al., 2020	Nepal	Low	Case–control	475	225	≥28.20				Stigmatization	255 (54)
Mostafa et al., 2020	Egypt	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	509	156	39				Stigmatization	486 (95)
Wang et al., 2020	China	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	1063	803	34.2	827	872	883	Discrimination	327 (31)
Yadav et al., 2020	India	Low	Cross‐sectional	424	180		298	29	466	Stigmatization;violence (physicaland psychological)	82 (19)
Zandifar et al., 2020	Iran	Low	Cross‐sectional	894	254	<30, >40	80	543		Discrimination	281 (31)
Zhu et al., 2020	China	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	5062	0	>19	1004	3417	641	Discrimination	987 (19)
Adhikari et al., 2021	Nepal	Low	Cross‐sectional	213	106	≥29				Stigmatization	116 (54)
Bitencourt et al., 2021	Brazil	Low	Cross‐sectional	1166	288	>18	641	180	345	General violence		574 (49)
Ghareeb et al., 2021	Jordan	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	382	162	40.24	170	212		Violence (physicaland psychological)		250 (65)
Mohindra et al., 2021	India	Low	Cross‐sectional	574	208	30.21	167	178	218	Stigmatization	294 (51)
Özkan Şat et al., 2021	Turkey	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	424	31	31,26		307	191	Violence (physicaland psychological)		297 (70)
Yang et al., 2021	China	Upper–middle	Cross‐sectional	15,531	1770	33.42				Violence		2878 (19)

Abbreviation: HCWs, healthcare workers.