TABLE 1.
Characteristics of patients attending a London hospital diabetes clinic that responded to a survey of mental health and diabetes self‐management questionnaires during the second UK lockdown (January‐March 2021)
| Total | Type 1 Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 369) | (n = 260) | (n = 109) | |
| Demographic data | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 50.5 (16.0) | 45.4 (16.3) | 57.8 (12.3) |
| Gender | |||
| Men % | 47.1% | 44.8% | 50.5% |
| Women % | 52.9% | 55.2% | 49.5% |
| Ethnicity, n (% total cohort) | |||
|
White Caucasian |
140 (37.9%) | 89 (34.2%) | 51 (46.8%) |
| Asian/Mixed | 22 (6.0%) | 8 (3.1%) | 14 (12.8%) |
| Black/Afro‐Caribbean | 7 (1.9%) | 2 (0.8%) | 5 (4.6%) |
| Not specified | 200 (54.2%) | 161 (61.9%) | 39 (35.8%) |
| Index of multiple deprivation rank a , n | |||
| Bottom tertile | 85 (26.2%) | 52 (24%) | 35 (32%) |
| Middle tertile | 129 (39.7%) | 86 (40%) | 37 (34%) |
| Top tertile | 111 (34.2%) | 78 (36%) | 37 (34%) |
| Not specified, n | 44 | 44 | 0 |
| Clinical data | |||
| Diabetes duration, years; mean ± SD (number of respondents data available for) | 17.0 ± 13.7 (225) | 21.8 ± 14.6 (130) | 10.3 ± 8.8 (95) |
| Most recent weight, kg; mean ± SD (number of respondents data available for) | 85.0 ± 23.9 (213) | 78.1 ± 16.5 (118) | 93.5 ± 27.0 (95) |
| ICHNT COVID admission, n (% total cohort) | 4 (1.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (2.8%) |
| ICU Admissions, n (% total cohort) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) |
| Treatment data | |||
| Insulin use, % total cohort | 100% | 42% | |
| Oral Hypoglycaemic medication only, n (%) | |||
| Total | 4.2% | 78.9% | |
| Metformin only | 4.2% | 30.3% | |
| Multiple oral hypoglycaemic use | 0% | 48.6% | |
| Previous bariatric surgery | 0 | 5.5% | |
| Anti‐depressant/anxiolytic use, % total cohort | 11.2% | 8.4% | |
| Complication data | |||
| Retinopathy | 46.9% | 19.2% | |
| Neuropathy | 21.3% | 21.1% | |
| Advanced nephropathy | 8.4% | 15.6% | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 9.1% | 11.0% | |
| C‐19 ASS scores | |||
| C‐19 ASS total mean score (IQR) (max score 36, scores > 18 suggestive of COVID anxiety syndrome) | 18.22 (11–25) | 18.15 (21–25) | 18.39 (11–26) |
| C‐19 ASS P perseveration subscore: mean score (IQR) | 10.52 (6–15) | 10.47 (6–15) | 10.63 (6–16) |
| C‐19 ASS A avoidance subscore: mean score (IQR) | 7.70 (4–11) | 7.68 (4–11) | 7.75 (4–12) |
| DSMQ scores (scaled): max score 10, scores >6 suggest good self‐care | |||
| DSMQ total: mean score (IQR) | 4.14 (3–4) | 4.07 (4–4) | 4.62 (4–5) |
| % with a mean DSMQ‐total score >6 | 4% | 18% | |
| DSMQ‐PC: mean score (IQR) | 4.02 (3–4) | 3.37 (3–4) | 4.43 (3–6) |
| DSMQ‐GM: mean score (IQR) | 5.40 (5–6) | 5.41 (7–9) | 5.47 (5–6) |
| DSMQ‐PA: mean score (IQR) | 2.51 (2–3) | 2.51 (3–4) | 3.55 (2–4) |
| DSMQ‐DC: mean score (IQR) | 4.21 (3–5) | 4.21 (3–5) | 4.49 (3–5) |
| Whiteley‐7 scores: max score 28, scores > 21 suggest significant health anxiety | |||
| WI‐7 total: mean score (IQR) | 9.87 (5–14) | 9.68 (5–13) | 10.31 (5–14) |
| % with a score ≥ 21 (indicating clinically significant health anxiety) | 5.5% | 5.4% | 5.5% |
| PHQ‐9 scores: max score 27, scores > 10 suggest clinically significant depressive symptoms | |||
| PHQ‐9 total: mean score (IQR) | 7.28 (2–10) | 7.03 (2–10) | 7.86 (3–12) |
| % with a score ≥ 10 (indicating clinically moderate to severe depressive symptoms) | 27.6% | 26.5% | 28.4% |
Note: Characteristics of all participants with Type 1 Diabetes (n = 260) and Type 2 Diabetes (n = 109) who usually attend hospital diabetes clinics and responded to our email/postal survey of mental health and diabetes self‐management questionnaires during the second UK lockdown (January‐March 2021). Clinical data were accessed from the CERNER patient database.
Abbreviations: C‐19 ASS, Covid‐19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale; DSMQ, Diabetes Self‐Management Questionnaire (domains—PC, Physician Contact; GM, Glucose Monitoring; PA, Physical Activity; DC, 'Dietary Control'); ICHNT, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IQR, Interquartile Range; kg, kilogram; PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; SD, Standard Deviation; WI‐7, 7‐item Whiteley Index.
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) ranks every small area in England from 1 (most deprived area) to 32, 844 (least deprived area) based on several domains, such as employment levels, gathered by the UK Ministry of Housing each year.