TABLE 1.
Baseline outcomes (mean ± SD) of the sample
| Variable | Total sample (n = 77) | CSI ≥40 points (n = 26) | CSI <40 points (n = 51) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age (years) | 60.0 ± 11.5 | 59.9 ± 11.2 | 60.0 ± 11.7 |
| Height (m) | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 1.66 ± 0.09 | 1.68 ± 0.08 |
| Weight (kg) | 75.8 ± 15.4 | 72.7 ± 12.7 | 74.9 ± 12.4 |
| Previous medical co‐morbidities | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 23 (29.9%) | 8 (30.7%) | 15 (29.4%) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 15 (19.5%) | 6 (23.1%) | 9 (17.6%) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 11 (14.3%) | 4 (15.4%) | 7 (13.7%) |
| Asthma, n (%) | 10 (13.0%) | 3 (11.5%) | 7 (13.7%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 5 (6.5%) | 2 (7.7%) | 3 (5.9%) |
| Pain and sensitization‐related variables | |||
| Time with symptoms (months) | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 0.8 |
| Pain intensity (0–10)* | 5.4 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 2.0 |
| CSI (0–100)* | 30.0 ± 17.3 | 51.3 ± 7.5 | 19.9 ± 9.8 |
| Psychological variables | |||
| HADS‐A (0–21)* | 5.8 ± 4.4 | 10.7 ± 3.5 | 3.5 ± 2.6 |
| HADS‐D (0–21)* | 5.7 ± 4.7 | 10.5 ± 3.9 | 3.4 ± 3.1 |
| PSQI (0–21) | 8.9 ± 4.3 | 9.2 ± 4.1 | 8.9 ± 4.6 |
| Cognitive and health‐related variables | |||
| PCS (0–52)* | 16.1 ± 13.1 | 27.3 ± 12.7 | 11.5 ± 10.0 |
| TSK‐11 (0–44)* | 24.2 ± 9.1 | 29.3 ± 8.7 | 22.3 ± 7.8 |
| EuroQol‐5D (0–1) | 0.75 ± 0.25 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.25 |
Abbreviations: CSI, Central Sensitization Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; TSK‐11, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.
*
Significant differences between patients according to the CSI score (Student t‐test, p < 0.01).