TABLE 1.

Characteristics of states by their stay‐at‐home status

	Before				After
	(1)	(2)	(2)‐(1)		(3)	(4)	(4)‐(3)
	No order	Order	Difference		No order	Order	Difference
Panel A: Stay‐at‐Home Orders
Unemployment	3.33	3.79	0.46***		7.7	10.34	2.64***
Population density	101.9	472.5	370.6***		101.9	472.5	370.6***
ln(Cases)					8.81	9.43	0.619***
Dental visits	22,614	28,722	6108		17,702	19,661	1959
Dental visits per capita*	46.34	41.14	−5.2		38.02	28.96	−9.06
Panel B: Dental Allowance
Unemployment	3.91	3.68	−0.23***		9.97	10.72	0.75***
Population density	737	208.1	−528.9***		737	208.1	−528.9***
ln(Cases)					9.16	9.7	0.539***
Dental visits	23,412	34,032	10,620		17,163	22,160	4997
Dental visits per capita*	41.77	40.5	−1.27		29.83	28.08	−1.75

Notes: Panel (A) compares states with stay‐at‐home orders with those without, before and after March 2020. Panel (B) compares states with dental allowance to those without, before and after March 2020. Column (1) includes means from states without and column (2) with the specified order, before the pandemic, and the difference between these in the next column with a t‐test of no significance. Column (3) and (4) include means from states without and with the specified order after the pandemic, and the difference between these in the next column with a t‐test of no significance. Per capita is per 10,000 persons.

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10.

Source: SafeGraph Patterns 2018–2020.