TABLE 2.

Difference‐in‐differences estimates for stay‐at‐home order at state and county level

	All		Weekday	Weekend	Metropolitan	Non‐metropolitan
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Visits per 10,000 pop	Log visits	Log visits	Log visits	Log visits	Log visits
Panel A: State
Stay‐at‐Home*After	−3.606*	−0.145***	−0.144**	−0.157***	−0.095	−0.128***
	(2.059)	(0.053)	(0.054)	(0.052)	(0.112)	(0.036)
R‐squared	0.888	0.993	0.993	0.992	0.983	0.994
Obs.	6681	6681	6681	6681	3275	3406
Dependent variable mean	40.705	9.607	9.461	7.577	10.123	9.111
Panel B: County
Stay‐at‐Home*After	−0.082**	−0.123***	−0.124***	−0.121***	−0.133***	0.015
	(0.037)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.026)	(0.080)
R‐squared	0.934	0.962	0.962	0.907	0.979	0.03
Obs.	353,575	353,575	352,109	321,792	146,990	125,781
Dependent variable mean	0.769	4.565	4.418	2.824	5.71	3.135

Notes: The dependent variable in (1) is the sum of weekly visits at the state (panel A) or county (panel B) level to dental offices, normalized by state or county population. The dependent variable in (2)‐(6) is the log of the sum of weekly visits at the state (panel A) or county (B) level to dental offices. Each analysis also includes indicator for after March 1, 2020, an indicator for states (or counties) that issued stay‐at‐home orders, state unemployment level, state (Panel A) and county (Panel B) fixed effects, and week‐year fixed effects. States are defined as metropolitan if they have above median population density per American Community Survey estimate for 2019. Counties are defined as metropolitan using Census Bureau definition. Standard errors are clustered at the state level in Panel A and county level in Panel B.

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10.

Source: SafeGraph Patterns 2018–2020.