Figure 4.

Ratios of BAs reflective of liver and gut microbiome enzymatic activities in depressed patients. Three types of ratios (pairwise or composite) were calculated to inform about possible enzymatic activity changes in depressed participants. These ratios reflect one of the following: (1) Shift in BA metabolism from primary to alternative pathway. (2) Changes in gut microbiome correlated with production of secondary BAs. (3) Changes in glycine and taurine conjugation of BAs. (A) Composite Ratios and summations. (B) Selected Pairwise Ratios. For each figure, the left panel presents a heat map of partial Spearman rank correlations between BA ratios/summations and scores on the HRSD17 and Hamilton Anxiety scale and subscales, after accounting for age, sex, and body mass index, and the right panel presents a heat map of differences in ratios/summations in severe vs. non-severe depressed, high vs. low anxious and treatment-failure vs. remitter groups. BA, Bile Acid; CA, Cholic Acid; CDCA, Chenodeoxycholic Acid; DCA, Deoxycholic Acid; GCA, Glycocholic Acid; GCDCA, Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid; GDCA, Glycodeoxycholic Acid; GHCA, Glycohyocholic Acid; GHDCA, Glycohyodeoxycholic Acid; GLCA, Glycolithocholic Acid; GUDCA, Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid; HCA, Hydroxycitric Acid; HDCA, Hyodeoxycholic Acid; HRSA-PSY, Psychic anxiety subscore of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HRSA-SOM, Somatic anxiety subscore of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HRSA-Total, 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HRSD₁₇, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD₁₇); LCA, Lithocholic Acid; MCA, Monocarboxylic Acid; TCA, Taurocholic Acid; TCDCA, Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; TDCA, Taurodeoxycholic Acid; THCA, Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid; THDCA, Taurohyodeoxycholic Acid; TUDCA, Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid; UDCA, Ursodeoxycholic Acid. *uncorrected p-value < 0.05. **uncorrected p-value < 0.01. ***uncorrected p-value < 0.001.