. 2022 Jul 20;13(30):8727–8743. doi: 10.1039/d2sc03441g

Overview of the synthetic methods of MOFs along with their features, temperature-duration and advantages.

S. no.	Synthetic methods	Features	Temperature-duration	Advantages
1	Solvothermal (hydrothermal)	Solvents such as water, DMF used	At 353–453 K for 2–3 days	• High yield of MOF
				• High surface area and porosity of MOF
				• Highly crystalline MOF
2	Non-solvothermal	Under the boiling point of solvent	At 298 K for several days to months	• Carried out at room temperature or simple heating
2	Non-solvothermal	Under the boiling point of solvent	At 298 K for several days to months	• Simple equipment required
3	Electrochemical	Through anodic dissolution or cathodic deposition	At 273–303 K for 10–30 min	• Suitable for synthesis of large quantity of MOF
3	Electrochemical	Through anodic dissolution or cathodic deposition	At 273–303 K for 10–30 min	• No formation or separation of anions required
4	Mechanochemical	Chemical transformation through milling or grinding	At 298 K for 30 min⁻² h	• No washing or activation required
4	Mechanochemical	Chemical transformation through milling or grinding	At 298 K for 30 min⁻² h	• Suitable for metal precursor with low solubility
5	Microfluidics	Reaction in microfluidic channel	At 323–423 K for few minutes	• Fast crystallization rate
5	Microfluidics	Reaction in microfluidic channel	At 323–423 K for few minutes	• Great control over morphology of MOF crystal
6	Microwave-assisted	Interaction between reactants and radiation	At 303–373 K for 4 min⁻⁴ h	• Good efficiency in short duration
6	Microwave-assisted	Interaction between reactants and radiation	At 303–373 K for 4 min⁻⁴ h	• Great control over reaction parameters and morphology of MOF crystals
7	Ionothermal	Ionic liquids used as solvent and template	At 333–373 K for 6 h	• Environmentally-friendly method
7	Ionothermal	Ionic liquids used as solvent and template	At 333–373 K for 6 h	• Great control over morphology of MOF crystals
8	Sonochemical	Ultrasonic waves used for acoustic cavitation effect	At 272–313 K for 30–180 min	• Fast crystallization rate
8	Sonochemical	Ultrasonic waves used for acoustic cavitation effect	At 272–313 K for 30–180 min	• Suitable for small particle size
9	Spray drying	Atomization of MOF precursor solution using spray drier	At 423–453 K for 5–10 min	• Fast and simple technique
9	Spray drying	Atomization of MOF precursor solution using spray drier	At 423–453 K for 5–10 min	• Suitable for multi-metallic MOFs
10	Flow chemistry	Continuous MOF synthesis in tube reactors	At 353 K for 5–10 min	• Low material and energy consumption
10	Flow chemistry	Continuous MOF synthesis in tube reactors	At 353 K for 5–10 min	• Ease in down streaming