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. 2022 Jul 20;11(7):453–464. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.117.BJR-2022-0019.R1

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© 2022 Author(s) et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, which permits the copying and redistribution of the work only, and provided the original author and source are credited. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Fig. 5 — Effect of local injection of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) on cartilage degeneration and abnormal adipogenesis of condylar cartilage in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of mice. a) Cartilage degeneration of the TMJ was alleviated in unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) mice injected with GDF11. b) The thickness of the condylar cartilage and safranine O positive area were significantly increased in the TMJs of UAC mice injected with GDF11. c) Immunohistochemical staining of Adiponectin (AdipoQ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in the TMJs of UAC + vehicle-injected and UAC + GDF11-injected mice. d) The proportion of AdipoQ-positive chondrocytes and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Adipoq were decreased in the TMJs of UAC mice injected with GDF11. However, GDF11 injection did not affect the change in PPARγ in the TMJs of mice under UAC stimulation. e) GDF11 injection increased the mRNA expression of type II collagen (Col-II) and Aggrecan, and decreased the mRNA expression of type X collagen (Col-X), alkaline phosphatase (Alp), matrix metallopeptidase 13 (Mmp13), Adipoq, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (Cebpα), fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4), and Perilipin1 in the TMJs of UAC mice. Vehicle, vehicle injection group; GDF11, GDF11 injection group; 7 WK, 7 weeks; 11 WK, 11 weeks. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the age-matched UAC + vehicle injection group, independent-samples t-test .