Table 2. Multivariable Linear Regressions Evaluating Race and Ethnicity on Time Spent With Dermatologist.
| Independent variables | Face-to-face time with dermatologist | |
|---|---|---|
| β Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | |
| Race or ethnicitya | ||
| Asian | −5.747 (−11.026 to −0.469) | .03 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1.273 (−1.952 to 4.498) | .43 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.595 (−4.329 to 5.520) | .81 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Age | 0.018 (−0.051 to 0.088) | .60 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Male | −1.516 (−3.803 to 0.772) | .19 |
| Type of visit | ||
| Follow-up | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| New patient | 2.600 (0.385 to 4.814) | .02 |
| Complexity of visit | ||
| 1 Reason for visit | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 Reasons for visit | −0.392 (−2.439 to 1.655) | .70 |
| 3 Reasons for visit | −1.001 (−4.592 to 2.590) | .58 |
| Insurance status | ||
| Private insurance | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Medicare | 0.916 (−1.159 to 2.991) | .38 |
| Medicaid | 1.380 (−1.258 to 4.018) | .30 |
| Self-pay | 16.088 (−1.616 to 33.792) | .07 |
| No charge | 13.396 (7.820 to 18.973) | <.001 |
| Systemic treatment or phototherapy?b | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | −0.435 (−2.759 to 1.890) | .71 |
| A complex topical regimen (≥3 topical agents prescribed)?c | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1.468 (−3.200 to 6.137) | .53 |
Race and ethnicity were self-reported by patients. Racial and ethnic groups included Asian, Hispanic or Latino, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White. Other racial and ethnic groups were excluded owing to small sample sizes. Individuals in the Asian race category of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey included Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and “Other Asian racial groups,” which were not identified in the survey.
Systemic agents include etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, methotrexate, acitretin, mycophenolate mofetil, apremilast, and systemic corticosteroids.
Topical agents include clobetasol, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, desonide, desoximetasone, fluocinolone, halobetasol, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, calcipotriene, fluocinonide, halcinonide, tazarotene, betamethasone, betamethasone with calcipotriene, and alclometasone.