Table. Multilevel Meta-analysis of Peripheral Markers of Nucleic Acid Damage From Oxidative Stress in Psychiatric Disorders, Including Subgroup Analyses and Sensitivity Analyses Excluding Low-Quality Studiesa.
| Characteristic | All studies | Medium- and high-quality studies | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedges g (95% CI) | I2, % | Hedges g (95% CI) | I2, % | |
| Blood cell DNA markers | ||||
| No. of patient vs control group comparisons | 30b | NA | 14 | NA |
| Diagnostic group | ||||
| DEM | 1.32 (0.57 to 2.07)c | NA | NA | NA |
| SUB | 0.52 (−1.64 to 2.68) | NA | NA | NA |
| PSY | 0.70 (−0.10 to 1.50) | NA | 0.72 (−0.99 to 2.43) | NA |
| BIP | 1.54 (0.29 to 2.80)c | NA | 1.61 (−0.38 to 3.61) | NA |
| MDD | 1.37 (0.13 to 2.61)c | NA | 1.34 (−1.10 to 3.78) | NA |
| ANX | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Total | 1.12 (0.69 to 1.55)c | 92 | 1.14 (0.14 to 2.15)c | 96 |
| Plasma or serum DNA markers | ||||
| No. of patient vs control group comparisons | 33b | NA | 27b | NA |
| Diagnostic group | ||||
| DEM | 0.07 (−1.77 to 1.91) | NA | 0.07 (−0.74 to 0.89) | NA |
| SUB | 0.70 (−0.38 to 1.78) | NA | 0.65 (0.16 to 1.15)c | NA |
| PSY | 1.08 (0.35 to 1.81)c | NA | 0.42 (−0.04 to 0.90) | NA |
| BIP | 0.81 (−0.28 to 1.91) | NA | 1.15 (0.51 to 1.79)c | NA |
| MDD | 0.61 (−0.01 to 1.24) | NA | 0.55 (0.26 to 0.83)c | NA |
| ANX | 0.53 (1.35 to 2.40) | NA | 0.53 (−0.36 to 1.41) | NA |
| Total | 0.75 (0.39 to 1.11)c | 96 | 0.57 (0.37 to 0.77)c | 84 |
| Urine DNA markers | ||||
| No. of patient vs control group comparisons | 24b | NA | 22b | NA |
| Diagnostic group | ||||
| DEM | 0.69 (0.29 to 1.10)c | NA | 0.70 (0.13 to 1.27)c | NA |
| SUB | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PSY | 0.31 (0.09 to 0.70) | NA | 0.30 (−0.13 to 0.74) | NA |
| BIP | 0.66 (0.31 to 1.01)c | NA | 0.66 (0.27 to 1.05)c | NA |
| MDD | 0.02 (−0.33 to 0.38) | NA | 0.04 (−0.36 to 0.44) | NA |
| ANX | 0.20 (−0.66 to 1.07) | NA | 0.20 (−0.74 to 1.16) | NA |
| Total | 0.44 (0.20 to 0.68)c | 91 | 0.42 (0.15 to 0.68)c | 92 |
| Urine RNA markers | ||||
| No. of patient vs control group comparisons | 14b | NA | 14b | NA |
| Diagnostic group | ||||
| DEM | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| SUB | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PSY | 0.52 (0.09 to 0.70)c | NA | 0.52 (0.09 to 0.70)c | NA |
| BIP | 0.73 (0.31 to 1.01)c | NA | 0.73 (0.31 to 1.01)c | NA |
| MDD | 0.21 (−0.33 to 0.38) | NA | 0.21 (−0.33 to 0.38) | NA |
| ANX | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Total | 0.56 (0.21 to 0.90)c | 87 | 0.56 (0.21 to 0.90)c | 87 |
Abbreviations: ANX, anxiety disorders; BIP, bipolar disorders; DEM, dementia disorders; MDD, major depressive disorders; NA, not applicable; PSY, psychotic disorders; SUB, substance use disorders.
a
Data are standardized mean differences expressed as Hedges g (95% CIs), and heterogeneity is expressed by I2 values.
b
Tests of diagnostic group differences were significant (P < .05).
c
P < .05.