. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 4.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 May 19;19(11):716–725. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00561-4

Table 1:

Pro- and anti-inflammatory type III secretion effectors in Salmonella Typhimurium

Pro-inflammatory effectors		Anti-inflammatory effectors
Name	Function	Name	Function

SopE, SopE2	GEFs for Rho-family GTPases^37,54 (stimulate NF-κB through non-canonical PAK1/TRAF6/TAK1 signaling⁵⁸)	SptP	GAP for Rho-family GTPases⁹³
SopB	Phosphoinositide phosphatase⁵⁵ (activates endogenous GEFS for Rho Family GTPases³⁹)	SopB	Phosphoinositide phosphatase⁵⁵ (activates PI3K-dependent anti-inflammatory pathways⁷⁴)
SopA	E3 ubiquitin ligase⁶² (activates RIG-I and MDA-5 signaling through ubiquitination of TRIM56 and TRIM65⁶³)	SopA	E3 ubiquitin ligase⁶² (antagonizes RIG-I and MDA-5 signaling through ubiquitine-mediated degradation of TRIM56 and TRIM65⁷¹)
SopD	GAP for Rab8 (neutralizes a Rab8-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway)⁷⁴	SopD	GDI-dissociation factor for Rab8 (activates a Rab8-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway)⁷⁴
		GogC (SteE, SarA, PagJ)	Stimulates STAT3-dependent anti-inflammatory signaling^103,104
		SpvD	Inhibits RelA nuclear translocation⁹⁶.
		PipA, GtgA, GogA	Proteases for NF-κB transcription factors RelA and RelB (inhibit NF-κB-dependent transcription)⁹²
		AvrA	Acetylates MKK4 and MKK7 (inhibits JNK signaling)^97,98
		SpvC	Phosphothreonine lyase for ERK1/2 and p38 (inhibits MAPK signaling)^99,100.
		SseK, SseK2	N-acetylglucosamine transferase for DEAD-domain containing proteins (inhibits NF-κB signaling)^94,95