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. 2022 Aug 3;23:200. doi: 10.1186/s12931-022-02125-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Photomicrographs showing bronchial mucosa from a representative non-decliner (a, c) and a rapid decliner (b, d) with COPD, immunostained for identification of secretory IgA protein (a, b) and plasma cells (c, d) in the epithelium (E) and bronchial lamina propria (LP). Results are representative of 21 non-decliners and 15 rapid decliners. Arrows (a, b) indicate immunopositivity in epithelial cells, which was reduced in rapid decliners (b), and immunostaining of plasma cells (c, d), which were reduced (d) in the lamina propria of rapid decliners with COPD. Bar = 20 micron