Fig. 6.

Summary of benefits elucidated in diabetes CVOTs and evolution of international guidelines in light of emerging results. Diabetes CVOTs have enabled professional societies to identify agents that may provide benefits across the cardiorenal–metabolic axis of diabetes; as such, international guidelines have now been updated to reflect the new evidence base represented by these studies. Note that some outcomes suggested a benefit but were not statistically significant due to the ranking of the statistical hierarchy. Not all outcomes have been reported for all agents. 3P-MACE, 3-point major adverse CV event; ACC, American College of Cardiologists; ADA, American Diabetes Association; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, CV disease; CVOT, CV outcomes trial; EASD, European Association for the Study of Diabetes; ERA-EDTA, European Renal Association-Dialysis and Transplant Association; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; HHF, hospitalisation for heart failure; SGLT2i, sodium–glucose transporter 2 inhibitor; T2D, type 2 diabetes. *Albiglutide, sotagliflozin and efpeglenatide are not approved for T2D