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. 2022 Aug 4;10:120. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01276-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Relative occurrence of symbionts in I. ricinus nymphs from 19 forest sites coloured by their longitude. Percent of variance explained by each PC: A PC1 (56%) and PC2 (23%). B PC1 (69%) and PC2 (17%). a Relative occurrence of vertically transmitted symbionts such as R. helvetica, M. mitochondrii, S. ixodetis, and Rickettsiella spp. b Relative occurrence of horizontally transmitted pathogens such as A. phagocytophilum, B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. valaisiana (combined), and N. mikurensis. Tick populations from the forest sites situated close to each other (see Fig. 5) clearly share a similar composition of vertically transmitted symbionts but not horizontally transmitted pathogens. Transparent boxes show haplotype numbers, which correspond to symbiont combinations in individual ticks, for example in panel a, the forest sites from the centre of the Netherlands are dominated by nymphs infected only with M. mitochondrii (h08) or with none of the symbionts (h00). Please note the different scales of axes between the two figures. A full description of each haplotype is provided in Additional file 4: Table S9