Table 2.
Veterinary medicine failure frequency by API/API combinations in prevalence surveys
| Medicine class/subclass | API/API combination | No. data points | Failure frequency % (n/N) |
| Antibiotics | 88 | 55.3 (271/490) | |
| Antibiotics (single API formulations) | 53 | 49.1 (192/391) | |
| Amoxicillin | 2 | 100.0 (16/16) | |
| Procaine benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) | 2 | 100.0 (7/7) | |
| Sulfamonomethoxine | 1 | 100.0 (4/4) | |
| Neomycin | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 2 | 83.3 (5/6) | |
| Doxycycline | 3 | 80.0 (4/5) | |
| Florfenicol | 8 | 58.3 (28/48) | |
| Enrofloxacin | 3 | 46.4 (13/28) | |
| Oxytetracycline* | 30 | 41.4 (113/273) | |
| Tilmicosin | 1 | 33.3 (1/3) | |
| Combination of antibiotics | 35 | 79.8 (79/99) | |
| Doxycycline–oxytetracycline† | 1 | 100.0 (4/4) | |
| Amoxicillin–colistin | 1 | 100.0 (3/3) | |
| Amoxicillin–tylosin | 1 | 100.0 (3/3) | |
| Enrofloxacin–oxytetracycline† | 1 | 100.0 (3/3) | |
| Trimethoprim–colistin | 1 | 100.0 (3/3) | |
| Amoxicillin–ciprofloxacin | 1 | 100.0 (2/2) | |
| Doxycycline–florfenicol | 2 | 100.0 (2/2) | |
| Erythromycin–sulfamethoxazole | 1 | 100.0 (2/2) | |
| Oxytetracycline–sulfadimethoxin–ormetoprim | 1 | 100.0 (2/2) | |
| Sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim–rifampicin | 1 | 100.0 (2/2) | |
| Doxycycline–rifampicin† | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Enrofloxacin–ciprofloxacin–amoxicillin† | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Enrofloxacin–oxytetracycline–florfenicol† | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Erythromycin–rifampicin† | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Florfenicol–amoxicillin | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Florfenicol–cefalexin | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Streptomycin–neomycin† | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Sulfadimethoxin–ormetoprim | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | |
| Sulfadiazine–trimethoprim | 4 | 92.3 (12/13) | |
| Oxytetracycline–colistin | 1 | 83.3 (10/12) | |
| Tylosin–gentamicin | 1 | 83.3 (5/6) | |
| Sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim | 4 | 75.0 (6/8) | |
| Doxycycline–tylosin | 2 | 71.4 (10/14) | |
| Neomycin–colistin | 1 | 33.3 (1/3) | |
| Thiamphenicol–sulfamethoxazole | 1 | 33.3 (1/3) | |
| Gentamicin–colistin | 1 | 0.0 (0/3) | |
| Oxytetracycline–streptomycin | 1 | 0.0 (0/3) | |
| Antiparasitics | 85 | 49.9 (377/756) | |
| Endectocides | 9 | 55.1 (27/49) | |
| Ivermectin | 9 | 55.1 (27/49) | |
| Antiprotozoals | 31 | 45.7 (176/385) | |
| Isometamidium | 18 | 46.7 (35/75) | |
| Diminazen | 13 | 45.5 (141/310) | |
| Antihelmintics | 23 | 45.5 (76/167) | |
| Closantel | 1 | 100.0 (3/3) | |
| Levamisole | 4 | 81.3 (26/32) | |
| Praziquantel | 1 | 40.0 (2/5) | |
| Albendazole | 17 | 35.4 (45/127) | |
| Combination of antiprotozoals and analgesics–antipyretics | 22 | 63.2 (98/155) | |
| Diminazen–phenazone | 22 | 63.2 (98/155) | |
| Total | 173 | 52.0 (648/1246) |
Combination medicine includes both co-formulated and co-blistered APIs.
*One sample of oxytetracycline was stated to also contain sulfafurazole but it is unclear in the publication whether it was tested in the laboratory or not.
†These medicines were stated to also contain berberine/allicin/beta-glucan/lamivudine but it is unclear in the publications whether they were tested in the laboratory or not.
API, active pharmaceutical ingredient.