Table 1.
Representative microorganisms applied for cancer therapy.
| Microorganism | Clinical Phase | Cancer Type | Status (Trial Identifier) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salmonella Typhimurium VNP20009 | I | Metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma | Results published (N/A) |
| Salmonella Typhimurium TAPET-CD (VNP20009 expressing cytosine deaminase) | I | Head and neck solid cell carcinoma or esophageal adenocarcinoma | Results published (N/A) |
| Salmonella Typhimurium (χ4550 expressing human IL-2) | I | Liver metastases of solid tumors | Results published (NCT01099631) |
| Salmonella Typhimurium VXM01 (Ty21a expressing VEGFR2) | I | Pancreatic cancer | Completed (NCT01486329) |
| Clostridium novyi-NT | I | Solid tumor malignancies | Results published (NCT01924689) |
| Clostridium novyi-NT | Ib | Treatment-refractory advanced solid tumors |
Recruiting (NCT03435952) |
| CRS-100 (live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes) | I | Liver metastases of solid tumors | Completed (NCT00327652) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | II | Metastatic pancreatic tumors | Results published (NCT01417000) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | II | Cervical cancer | Results published (NCT01266460) |
| VE800 (11 commensal bacteria strains) | I/II | Metastatic cancer, melanoma, gastric cancer, or colorectal cancer | Active (NCT04208958) |
| MET-4 bacterial strains | N/A | Locoregionally-advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma | Recruiting (NCT03838601) |
| Enterococcus strain MNC-168 | I | Advanced malignant solid tumors | Not yet recruiting (NCT05383703) |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 | II | Colorectal cancer | Completed (NCT00936572) |
| Plasmodium vivax | I/II | Non-small cell lung cancer | Unknown (NCT02786589) |
| Plasmodium vivax | I/II | Advanced breast cancer or advanced liver cancer | Unknown (NCT03474822) |
| Agaricus bisporus extract | I | Breast cancer recurrence | Completed (NCT00709020) |
| Agaricus bisporus extract | I | Prostate cancer recurrence | Completed (NCT00779168) |
| Trametes versicolor extract | I | Breast cancer | Completed (NCT00680667) |
| Ganoderma lucidum spore | II | Non-small cell lung cancer | Unknown (NCT02844114) |
| Ganoderma lucidum | III | Pediatric cancers | Completed (NCT00575926) |
| Modified measles virus | I | Mesothelioma | Completed (NCT01503177) |
| Modified measles virus | I | Ovarian cancer and peritoneal cavity cancer | Results published (NCT00408590) |
| GL-ONC1 (modified vaccinia virus) | I | Solid tumors | Completed (NCT00794131) |
| M032 (modified herpes simplex virus) | I | Glioblastoma, astrocytoma, or gliosarcoma | Active (NCT02062827) |
| G207 (modified herpes simplex virus) | I/II | Glioblastoma, astrocytoma, or gliosarcoma | Completed (NCT00028158) |
| H101 (modified adenovirus) | N/A | Gynecological cancer | Recruiting (NCT05051696) |
| Modified fowlpox virus and modified vaccina virus | II | Prostate cancer | Completed (NCT00003871) |
| Talimogene laherparepvec (modified herpes simplex virus) | III | Melanoma | Results published (NCT00769704) |
| Pexastimogene Devacirepvec (modified vaccinia virus) | III | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Results published (NCT02562755) |
Microorganisms including bacteria (in blue), protists (in orange), fungi (in green), and viruses (in gray) have been utilized in clinical trials for cancer treatment. All information is from ClinicalTrials.gov.