Figure 1.
Effect of Galangin on cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation. The cytotoxic effect of Galangin on (a) KKU-213, (b) KKU-100, and CCA cell lines were determined by MTT assay. The IC50 values were calculated using the dose-response curve for (c) 24 h and (d) 48 h of treatment. (e) Detection of apoptosis by DAPI staining after Galangin treatment in CCA cell lines in various concentrations. The number of apoptotic cells were quantified in (f) KKU-213 and (g) KKU-100 cell lines through FACS analysis. (h) Representative images of colony formation and quantification for average number of colonies on (i) KKU-213 and (j) KKU-100 cells upon Galangin treatment at 10 and 25 µM. (k) Effect of Galangin on protein involved in apoptosis. Cellular proteins were analyzed by Western blot assay for the expression of PARP and cleaved PARP. Values represents the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, **** p ≤ 0.0001 compared with the untreated control.