Table 4. Associations of the number and pattern (latent-class analysis) of acute COVID-19 symptoms with any chronic COVID-19 symptom, particularly chronic fatigue, anosmia and dysgeusia.
Variable | ≥1 chronic COVID-19 symptom | |||||
No | Yes | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Freq (%) | Freq (%) | |||||
Number of acute COVID-19 symptoms | ||||||
0–2 | 56 (90.3%) | 6 (9.7%) | 1.000 (ref) | – | 1.000 (ref) | – |
3–5 | 157 (74.4%) | 54 (25.6%) | 3.21 (1.31–7.87) | 0.011 | 3.22 (1.31–7.95) | 0.011 |
≥6 | 67 (67.7%) | 32 (32.3%) | 4.46 (1.74–11.42) | 0.002 | 4.23 (1.64–10.93) | 0.003 |
Pattern of acute COVID-19 symptoms (latent-class analysis) | ||||||
1. Highest probability of all symptoms | 32 (64.0%) | 18 (36.0%) | 3.70 (1.38–9.88) | 0.009 | 3.62 (1.33–9.83) | 0.012 |
2. Lowest probability of all symptoms | 46 (86.8%) | 7 (13.2%) | 1.000 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref) | – |
3. Fever, cough, muscle ache, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache | 135 (72.6%) | 51 (27.4%) | 2.48 (1.05–5.85) | 0.038 | 2.32 (0.97–5.55) | 0.059 |
4. Fever, cough, muscle ache, headache | 68 (80.0%) | 17 (20.0%) | 1.64 (0.63–4.28) | 0.309 | 1.63 (0.65–4.02) | 0.322 |
Chronic fatigue | ||||||
No | Yes | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Freq (%) | Freq (%) | |||||
Number of acute COVID-19 symptoms | ||||||
0–2 | 67 (98.5%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref) | – |
3–5 | 196 (89.1%) | 24 (10.9%) | 8.20 (1.09–61.82) | 0.041 | 8.48 (1.12–64.17) | 0.038 |
≥6 | 82 (81.2%) | 19 (18.8%) | 15.52 (2.03–118.99) | 0.008 | 14.62 (1.90–112.56) | 0.01 |
Pattern of acute COVID-19 symptoms (latent-class analysis) | ||||||
1. Highest probability of all symptoms | 40 (78.4%) | 11 (21.6%) | 7.84 (1.65–37.29) | 0.01 | 7.36 (1.53–35.47) | 0.013 |
2. Lowest probability of all symptoms | 57 (96.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref) | – |
3. Fever, cough, muscle ache, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache | 170 (88.1%) | 23 (11.9%) | 3.86 (0.88–16.87) | 0.073 | 3.58 (0.81–15.85) | 0.094 |
4. Fever, cough, muscle ache, headache | 80 (90.9%) | 8 (9.1%) | 2.85 (0.58–13.92) | 0.196 | 2.84 (0.58–13.96) | 0.2 |
Chronic anosmia | ||||||
No | Yes | Crude OR | P-value | Adjusted OR | P-value | |
Freq (%) | Freq (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
Number of acute COVID-19 symptoms | ||||||
0–2 | 65 (95.6%) | 3 (4.4%) | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.000 (ref) | – |
3–5 | 195 (88.6%) | 25 (11.4%) | 2.78 (0.81–9.50) | 0.226 | 2.81 (0.82–9.70) | 0.102 |
≥6 | 92 (91.1%) | 9 (8.9%) | 2.12 (0.55–8.13) | 0.247 | 2.01 (0.52–7.77) | 0.313 |
Pattern of acute COVID-19 symptoms (latent-class analysis) | ||||||
1. Highest probability of all symptoms | 46 (90.2%) | 5 (9.8%) | 1.17 (0.32–4.31) | 0.809 | 1.00 (0.27–3.71) | 0.997 |
2. Lowest probability of all symptoms | 54 (91.5%) | 5 (8.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref) | – |
3. Fever, cough, muscle ache, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache | 167 (86.5%) | 26 (13.5%) | 1.68 (0.61–4.59) | 0.311 | 1.47 (0.53–4.08) | 0.462 |
4. Fever, cough, muscle ache, headache | 86 (97.7%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0.25 (0.05–1.34) | 0.106 | 0.24 (0.04–1.27) | 0.092 |
Chronic dysgeusia | ||||||
No | Yes | Crude OR | P-value | Adjusted OR | P-value | |
Freq (%) | Freq (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
Number of acute COVID-19 symptoms | ||||||
0–2 | 67 (98.5%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref) | – |
3–5 | 202 (91.8%) | 18 (8.2%) | 5.97 (0.78–45.57) | 0.085 | 6.03 (0.79–46.31) | 0.084 |
≥6 | 98 (97.0%) | 3 (3.0%) | 2.05 (0.21–20.14) | 0.538 | 1.93 (0.20–19.04) | 0.574 |
Pattern of acute COVID-19 symptoms (latent-class analysis) | ||||||
1. Highest probability of all symptoms | 48 (94.1%) | 3 (5.9%) | 1.17 (0.23–6.05) | 0.854 | 0.97 (0.19–5.12) | 0.975 |
2. Lowest probability of all symptoms | 56 (94.9%) | 3 (5.1%) | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref) | – |
3. Fever, cough, muscle ache, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache | 177 (91.7%) | 16 (8.3%) | 1.69 (0.47–6.00) | 0.419 | 1.49 (0.41–5.40) | 0.545 |
4. Fever, cough, muscle ache, headache | 87 (98.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.22 (0.02–2.12) | 0.187 | 0.20 (0.02–1.95) | 0.165 |
Bivariable logistic regression models were constructed with ≥1 chronic COVID-19 symptom or chronic fatigue, anosmia and dysgeusia (yes vs. no) as the dependent variable and number of acute COVID-19 symptoms (0-2/3-5/≥6) and pattern of acute COVID-19 symptoms (ordinal variable with 4-classes derived from latent-class analysis) as the independent variable. Analyses were limited to persons with positive SARS-CoV-2 anti-IgG antibodies. Crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Multivariable models included age (continuous), sex (male/female), race (white/non-white) and Hispanic ethnicity (yes/no) as covariables, and state of residence. Adjusted OR and 95% CI were estimated.
Bold-face indicates statistical significance (P<0.05).