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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Stem Cell. 2022 Apr 7;29(4):503–514. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.03.012

Figure 1. Comparison of recently reported cardiac organoids in vitro with cardiac development in vivo.

Figure 1.

(A) Early cardiac development of human embryos (first 40 days); FHF: first heart field; SHF: second heart field; EPDCs: epicardial-derived cells; CECs: coronary endothelial cells. (B) Heart-forming organoids mimicking an interplay with foregut endoderm during development; RPMI-B27 medium: Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium containing B-27 supplement; IWR-2: inhibitor of Wnt production 2. (C) Self-assembled gastruloids with cardiac crescent- and heart tube-like regions; N2B27 medium: a half-half mixture of Dulbecco’s modified essential medium/Ham’s F-12 medium containing N2 supplement and Neurobasal medium containing B-27 supplement; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. (D) Chamber-like cardioids with endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium-like layers; BMP4: bone morphogenetic protein 4, FGF2: fibroblast growth factor 2.