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. 2022 Jul 11;28:130–146.

Table 2. New advances in management of retinoblastoma.

New therapies Examples of applications
Molecularly targeted therapies
MDMX-p53 response [3,25,26],
spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors [3,28,29], histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors [3,28,33],
CEP1347 (small-molecule kinase inhibitor) [23]
Tubulin Modifying molecules
Paclitaxel (PTX) [44]
Immunotherapy
CAR-T cell therapy [53]
Signal transducer CD24 [59]
Nucleolin (NCL) protein [61,62]
High mobility group A (HMGA) protein
HMGA aptamer (NCLAb–HMGAap) [68,69]
Vitamin D analogs
Calcitriol [71,79,80]
Angiogenesis inhabitation
Celastrol nanomicelles (CNMs) [87]
Ribavirin [20]
Neurotransmitter pathway disrupting
Transfection of AP-2α and AP-2β expression into Rb cells to induces apoptosis [98]
Arsenic Trioxide
Arsenic trioxide (white arsenic or As2O3; ATO) [18]
EDL-155
an isoquinoline derivative [102]
Gene therapy
HSV- TK / GCV(Herpes Simplex Virus-Tyrosine Kinase / Ganciclovir) [19,104]
Oncolytic adenovirusVCN-01 [106]
Local drug-delivery systems
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) [117,118]
Gold-based nanoparticles [126,127]
Dendrimer [133]
New hydrogel implant
Local drug delivery [134]
Non- coding RNAs (ncRNAs)
lncRNAs [139-151]
miRNAs [158-161]
Aqueous humor markers
circulating tumor cell (CTC) and cfDNA-based fluid biopsies [171,172]
Exosomes
nanoparticles derived from cell membranes containing RNA, microRNA, lipids and proteins [175]
MLN4924 (Pevonedistat) Pevonedistat, a neddylation inhibitor [180]