Fig. 5. Women report making more contributions than men on authored papers.

We sent a survey to 28,000 scientists who had published in academic journals listed in the Web of Science and who had a public profile in the ORCID database. Of these, 2,297 responded and completed the question (Q1a): ‘How did you contribute to the paper? Check all that apply.’ The graph shows the percentage of these respondents who selected each category. Probability was computed as the arithmetic mean of binary indicators representing whether the respondent selected each category. Each respondent was asked about a paper associated with them on Web of Science. Respondents were able to select more than one option, thus the total number of responses is therefore higher than the number of respondents. Individual data on the contribution by gender are visualized in Supplementary Fig.  8. Error bars are centred on the mean and extend to the 95% confidence interval based on 1.96 × s.e.m.