Extended Data Table 5.

Gender differences in attribution by job title

Estimates based on a sample of 17,929,271 potential article authorships and 3,203,831 potential patent inventorships. The observations are weighted by the inverse number of teams per employee times the inverse number of potential articles or patents per employee. All estimates include controls for article/patent date (calendar year x month), PI status, days worked on the team, job title, and team fixed effects. Each coefficient is tested against the null hypothesis of being equal to 0 using a two-sided t-test. We do not adjust for multiple hypothesis testing. Standard errors are clustered by team and employee and are in parentheses. Statistical significance indicated by * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.