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. 2022 Aug 4;79(8):464. doi: 10.1007/s00018-022-04491-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — HLA gene complex is located in the short arm of human chromosome 6 (6p21.3). HLA-G, -E and -F mRNA transcription and translation scheme and HLA-G membrane and soluble isoforms are shown (see text). Exons (E) of each gene are shown in upper panels of the figure. A (*) symbol indicates a stop codon: it may be localized in E6 in HLA-E, -F and -G genes. HLA-G also presents stop codons in intron 2 or intron 4 depending on alternative splicing process which gives rise to different isoforms. Stop codon may be maintained in mature mRNA due to a reading-through mechanism in humans and primates which is described also in other HLA genes (i.e., HLA-DRB6). The presence of a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) at the 3 untranslated region leads to a selenocysteine incorporation at UGA (stop) codons [15–18]; this may be the cause for stop codon maintenance in HLA-G, -E and -F translation. Beta-2 microglobulin (β2m) is represented bound to protein molecules in purple color. See also references [19, 20]