Table 2.
Childhood individual and family modifiable risk factors of criminal conviction.
| Risk Factors | Bivariate | Adjusteda | PARFc (99.8% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (99.8% CI) | P valueb | ||
| Perinatal | |||||
| Unplanned pregnancy | 1.52 (0.77–3.00) | 0.226 | 1.93 (0.52–7.26) | 0.122 | |
| Adolescent motherhood | 2.50 (1.12–5.56) | 0.025 | 2.26 (0.60–8.46) | 0.056 | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 1.34 (0.67–2.68) | 0.411 | 1.32 (0.36–4.80) | 0.510 | |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | 1.02 (0.52–2.02) | 0.955 | 1.12 (0.34–3.67) | 0.762 | |
| Preterm childbirth | 0.42 (0.16–1.12) | 0.084 | 0.50 (0.10–2.50) | 0.183 | |
| Birth weight | 1.24 (0.95–1.63) | 0.117 | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) | 0.902 | |
| Early childhood | |||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding duration | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.082 | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | 0.382 | |
| No childcare attendance | 1.64 (0.91–2.95) | 0.100 | 1.32 (0.45–3.91) | 0.431 | |
| Childhood (baseline) | |||||
| Poverty | 4.91 (2.59–9.31) | < 0.001 | 4.14 (1.38–12.46) | < 0.001 | 22.5 (5.9–36.1) |
| No contact with father/deceased | 1.83 (1.00–3.34) | 0.049 | 1.81 (0.63–5.22) | 0.084 | |
| Maternal psychiatric diagnosis | 0.82 (0.43–1.54) | 0.530 | 1.03 (0.37–2.82) | 0.937 | |
| Child: Any diagnosis | 2.39 (1.31–4.35) | 0.004 | 2.15 (0.77–5.98) | 0.021 | |
| Externalizing diagnosis | 3.26 (1.70–6.26) | < 0.001 | 2.46 (0.76–7.95) | 0.018 | |
| Internalizing diagnosis | 2.07 (0.94–4.57) | 0.072 | 2.32 (0.62–8.76) | 0.050 | |
| Family cohesion score | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.469 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.590 | |
| Family conflict score | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | 0.008 | 1.14 (0.91–1.44) | 0.068 | |
| Family control score | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.357 | 0.93 (0.70–1.22) | 0.402 | |
| High maltreatment | 1.78 (0.91–3.51) | 0.093 | 2.04 (0.68–6.12) | 0.045 | |
| Bullying No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Victim | 0.89 (0.40–1.96) | 0.766 | 0.88 (0.23–3.45) | 0.778 | |
| Perpetrator | 3.25 (1.23–8.56) | 0.017 | 3.33 (0.66–16.84) | 0.022 | |
| Both | 1.93 (0.78–4.78) | 0.154 | 1.64 (0.32–8.54) | 0.353 | |
| Academic performance | |||||
| Below average | 4.55 (2.43–8.52) | < 0.001 | 2.92 (0.86–9.99) | 0.007 | |
| Average/above average | 1 | 1 | |||
| School dropout | 1.76 (0.39–8.03) | 0.463 | 3.18 (0.29–34.40) | 0.133 | |
| School failure | 2.68 (1.47–4.89) | 0.001 | 1.95 (0.50–7.59) | 0.130 | |
aThe association between each factor and crime was adjusted by sex, age, city, ethnicity, and intelligence quotient.
bP values were considered significant with a conservative Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of 0.05 divided by 24 tests = 0.002.
cPARF = population attributable risk fraction is the proportional reduction in crime that might be eliminated if exposure to the risk factor were reduced to an alternative ideal scenario of non-poverty.