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. 2022 Aug 4;12:313. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02094-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — (1) Active transport of peripheral cytokines. (2) Passage of peripheral cytokines through leaky regions of blood–brain barrier (BBB). (3) Transmission of peripheral cytokine signals to the brain by activated cytokine receptors on afferent nerve fibers. (4) Trafficking of peripheral cell types (e.g., monocytes, macrophages, and T cells) in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) release by activated microglia.