Table 1.

A summary of the currently available SGLT2 inhibitors and the respective evidence, if any, of their anti-inflammatory mechanism.

Member	Empa [295] C23H27ClO7	Dapa [296] C21H25ClO6	Cana [297] C24H25FO5S	Ertu [298] C22H25ClO7	Sota [299] C21H25ClO5S	Ipra [300] C21H21FO5S	Luseo [301] C23H30O6S	Tofo [302] C22H26O6
Approval	FDA [303] EMA [304]	FDA [305] EMA [306]	FDA [307] EMA [308]	FDA [309] EMA [310]	EMA for type 1 diabetes [311]	Only in Japan, South Korea and Russia [312]	Only in Japan [313]	Only in Japan [314]
Dosing regimen	10/25 mg once daily	5/10 mg once daily	100/300 mg once daily	5/15 mg once daily	200 mg once or twice daily	50/100 mg dose once daily	2.5/5 mg once daily	20 mg once daily
Anti-inflammatory mechanism
Reduce ROS and hyperglycaemia mediated inflammation
Reduce adipose tissue volume and associated adipokines
Reduce AngII mediated inflammatory mediators/macrophage infiltration/fibrosis
Enhance ketone mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation
Enhance M2 macrophage polarization
Enhance AMPK mediated reduction of inflammatory mediators
Inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome

References of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms are colour coded in  for animal models,  for in-vitro and ex-vivo studies,  for human data and  for studies with combined models.

AngII, angiotensin II; AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase; Cana, canagliflozin; Dapa, dapagliflozin; Ertu, ertugliflozin; EMA, European Medicines Agency; Empa, empagliflozin; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; Ipra, ipragliflozin; Luseo, luseogliflozin; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SGLT2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2; Sota, sotagliflozin; Tofo, tofogliflozin.