Table 3. Summary of differences in the composition of the upper airway microbiota associated with childhood asthma.
| Sample collection | Relative abundance | Sample | Actinobacteria | Bacteroidetes | Firmicutes | Proteobacteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 24 months | Increased | Nasal/nasopharyngeal swab | Aerococcaceae [19] (p < 0.01) Streptococcus [27] (OR = 1.7 [1.3–2.2], p = 5.70E-05) Streptococcus [28] (OR = 3.8 [1.3–12], p = 0.017) | Haemophilus [22] (FDR = 0.03) Oxalobacteraceae [19] (p < 0.01) Moraxella, Streptococcus and Haemophilus [26] (OR = 2.5 [1.3–4.6, p < 0.0054]) | ||
| Oropharyngeal swab | Actinomyces [25] (OR = 1.10, p = 1.89×10-2) | Flavobacteriaceae [25] (OR = 12.07, p = 4.02×10-31) | Staphylococcus [25] (OR = 124.11, p = 1.87×10-241) Veillonella [18] (HR = 1.45 [1.21–1.73], p < 0.0001) | Neisseriaceae [25] (OR = 1.19, p = 5.84×10-5) | ||
| Atopobium [25] (OR = 2.27, p = 8.99×10-20) | Prevotella [25] (OR = 1.38, p = 3.24×10-13) | Haemophilus [25] (OR = 2.12, p = 5.46×10-23) | ||||
| Corynebacterium [25] (OR = 24.99, p = 1.37×10-129) | Prevotella [18] (HR = 1.32 [1.13–1.55], p = 0.0005) | Neisseria [17] (p = 0.003) | ||||
| Decreased | Nasal/nasopharyngeal swab | Corynebacteriaceae [19] (p < 0.01) | Staphylococcaceae [19] (p < 0.05) Dolosigranulum [27] [OR = 0.42 (0.29–0.61) p = 8.50E-06] | Moraxella [22] (OR = 2.74 [1.20–6.27]) | ||
| Oropharyngeal swab | Bacteroidales [25] (OR = 0.55, p = 9.57×10-8) | Gemella [25] (OR = 0.40, p = 4.29×10-21) | Pasteurellaceae [25] (OR = 0.20, p = 1.13×10-20) | |||
| Porphyromonas [25] (OR = 0.20, p = 2.81×10-32) | Lachnospiraceae [25] (OR = 0.39, p = 7.79×10-14) | Moraxella [25] (OR = 0.79, p = 4.54×10-06) | ||||
| Prevotella [17] (p = 0.018) | Veilonella [25] (OR = 0.59, p = 8.06×10-86) | |||||
| Leptotrichia [25] (OR = 0.42, p = 9.37×10-14) Granulicatella [17] (p = 0.012) | ||||||
| > 24 months | Increased | Nasal/nasopharyngeal sample | Staphylococcus [21] (p < 0.05) | Moraxella catarrhalis [30] (14-fold) | ||
| E. coli [30] (p < 0.05) | ||||||
| Psychrobacter [30] (p < 0.05) | ||||||
| Moraxella [29] (OR = 3.78, p = 9.76×10-5) | ||||||
| Throat swab | Selenomonas [20] (p = 0.020) | |||||
| Decreased | Nasal swab | Prevotella [31] (OR = 0.44 [0.21–0.93], p = 0.0345) | ||||
| Throat swab | Butyrivibrio [20] (FDR p = 0.030) | |||||
| Parvimonas [20] (p = 0.020) |
FDR, false discovery rate; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio.