Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the enrolled subjects and the biochemical parameters including lipid profiles and arteriosclerosis-associated plasma indices in subjects with normal, DM, NPDP, and PDR.
| Group | Normal without DM | DM | NPDR | PDR | H/x2/F | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 58 | 44 | 59 | 54 | – | – |
| Age, years | 58.00 (46.50–64.50) | 57.00 (49.00–65.00) | 56.00 (49.25–61.00) | 53.00 (46.25–60.75) | 5.5 | 0.139 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 26 (45) | 25 (57) | 38 (64) | 32 (59) | 4.88 | 0.181 |
| Duration of DM, years | 0 | 10.00 (5.00–15.00) | 10.00 (6.25–16.75) | 14.00 (10.00–17.00) | 127.95b** | <0.001** |
| Duration of HBP, years | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 2.00 (0.00–10.00) | 0.00 (0.00–6.00) | 1.00 (0.00–5.00) | 27.25b** | <0.001** |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.96 (22.51–25.66) | 25.77 (23.51–28.22) | 25.35 (23.41–27.68) | 24.71 (22.87–27.62) | 7.53b | 0.057 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 (4.98–5.89) | 7.49 (6.17–8.79) | 8.05 (6.68–10.23) | 8.34 (6.83–10.50) | 82.17b** | <0.001** |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 37.71 (35.52–40.98) | 50.82 (45.36–59.56) | 62.84 (51.91–72.68) | 65.03 (53.01–79.24) | 108.61b** | <0.001** |
| HbA1c, % | 5.60 (5.40–5.90) | 6.80 (6.20–7.60) | 7.90 (6.85–8.85) | 8.10 (6.98–9.40) | 108.61b** | <0.001** |
| Triacylglycerol, mmol/L | 1.28 (0.94–1.65) | 1.63 (1.00–2.53) | 1.20 (0.86–2.13) | 1.43 (1.02–2.75) | 4.92b | 0.178 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.93 (4.53–5.77) | 4.29 (3.70–5.05) | 4.31 (3.85–5.34) | 5.01 (4.36–5.89) | 19.36b** | <0.001** |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.03 ± 0.11 | 2.48 ± 0.14 | 2.77 ± 0.12 | 3.08 ± 0.10 | 5.04a* | 0.002* |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.35 (1.12–1.63) | 1.19 (0.95–1.40) | 1.15 (0.99–1.47) | 1.15 (0.98–1.43) | 11.64b* | 0.009* |
| LPA | 10.20 (4.83–23.50) | 8.70 (3.15–26.78) | 11.10 (6.60–30.70) | 20.45 (7.60–57.20) | 10.18b* | 0.017* |
| API | 2.30 ± 0.11 | 2.21 ± 0.14 | 2.32 ± 0.107 | 2.64 ± 0.11 | 2.64a | 0.05 |
| AI | 2.71 (1.88–3.75) | 2.75 (2.07–3.93) | 2.71 (2.23–3.68) | 3.19 (2.52–3.85) | 6.48b | 0.09 |
There were significant differences in the duration of DM and HBP, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and LPA among the four groups.*Statistically significant: p ≤ 0.05. **Statistically significant: p ≤ 0.001. According to the type of data and the data distribution, one-way ANOVA analysis (a), post-hoc LSD correction, and Kruskal–Wallis (b) analysis were applied. DM, diabetes mellitus; apo, apolipoprotein. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; API/AI, atherogenic index of plasma; API, atherogenic plasma index: LDL-C/HDL-C; AI, atherogenic index: TC- (LDL-C)/HDL-C; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LPA, lipoprotein (a).