Table 2.
Single-variable ordered logistic analysis results showing the associations of baseline parameters, traditional biochemical, and apolipoprotein profiles in the occurrence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (normal without DM, DM, NPDR, and PDR as the dependent variable).
| OR 95% CI | P Value | |
|---|---|---|
| Sex (M vs. F) | 1.55 (0.95, 2.51) | 0.079 |
| Age per 10years | 0.82 (0.65, 1.02) | 0.076 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.023* |
| Duration of DM, years | 1.19 (1.14, 1.24) | <0.001** |
| Duration of HBP, years | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.181 |
| Duration of HBP, years (ref <15 years) | 1.06 (0.45, 2.46) | 0.897 |
| apoA-I, mg/ml per 0.1 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.082 |
| apoC-III, mg/ml per 0.1 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.01) | 0.071 |
| apoE, mg/ml per 0.01 | 1.30 (1.13, 1.50) | <0.001** |
| apoA-II, mg/ml per 0.1 | 0.69 (0.54, 0.88) | 0.003* |
| apoB, mg/ml per 0.1 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.141 |
| apoC-II, mg/ml per 0.1 | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | 0.255 |
| apoB/apoA-I | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.975 |
| apo B/non–HDL-C per 0.1 | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 0.011* |
| apoC-II/apoC-III per 0.1 | 1.90 (1.53, 2.34) | <0.001** |
| apoA-II/apoA-I per 0.1 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.858 |
| apoE/apoCII per 0.1 | 1.93 (1.47, 2.54) | <0.001** |
| AI | 1.30 (1.06, 1.60) | 0.013* |
| fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 1.42 (1.27, 1.58) | <0.001** |
| HbA1c, % | 2.55 (2.06, 3.15) | <0.001** |
| LPA, mg/dl | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 0.001** |
| API per 0.1 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 0.031* |
| TC, mmol/L | 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | 0.613 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) | 0.115 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 1.10 (0.83, 1.45) | 0.507 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.80 (0.53, 1.18) | 0.247 |
BMI, duration of DM, apoE, apoCII/CIII, apoE/CII, AI, API, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c were significant independent risk factors for DR severity, but A-II and apoB/non–HDL-C were independent protective factor for DR occurrence and severity.
*Statistically significant: p ≤ 0.05. **Statistically significant: p ≤ 0.001. DM, diabetes mellitus; apo, apolipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; API/AI, atherogenic index of plasma; API, atherogenic plasma index: defined as LDL-C/HDL-C; AI, atherogenic index: TC- (LDL-C)/HDL-C; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LPA, Lipoprotein (a).