Table 3. Effects of DON exposure on cytokines expression.

Animal type	DON concentration (mg/kg)	Sample	Effects	Reference
Piglets	3.2	Mid-jejunal mucosa	Increased TNF-α, IL-8, IgA and decreased IgG	[26]
Piglets	3.5	Ileum and Jejunum mucosa	IFNG was increased in the ileum samples while IL-6 gene expression decreased. mRNA expression of IL4 was increased in jejunum samples.	[58]
Piglets	1.006	Jejunum	Increased TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6	[13]
Piglets	3	Jejunum and ileum	Increased IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and MIP-1β expressions in the jejunum Increased TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the ileum	[43]
Pigs (barrows)	1.28, or 2.89	Cecum and colon	mRNA abundance of IL-12 in the ceca and colons were down-regulated in 2.89 mg/kg DON fed pigs mRNA expression of IL-6 was lower in cecum samples of 1.28 mg/kg DON fed pigs	[69]

DON, deoxynivalenol; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IFNG, interferon gamma; IFN, interferon; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein.