| Invasiveness of sampling |
High [57,66], painful |
Low [66], painless |
Low [66], painless |
Low [67], painless |
| Risk of contamination from external
sources |
Low |
High [66] |
High |
Low |
| Training required for sampling |
Yes [57,66] |
No |
No [66] |
No |
| Possibility of repeated sampling |
Yes |
Yes [68] |
Yes |
Yes |
| Ethical and legal licenses
required |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
| Biosecurity concerns |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
| Results depend on time of
sampling |
Yes |
Yes [68] |
Yes |
Yes |
| Results depend on sampling
location |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
| Steroid medications may confound
results |
Yes |
Yes [68] |
Yes |
Yes |
| Sampling requires live animals |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
| Sample preparation is laborious and
time consuming |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
| Storage conditions |
Refrigerator, freezer [69] |
Refrigerator, freezer |
Refrigerator, freezer |
Refrigerator, freezer [70] |
| Time range represented by biomarker
measurement |
Single point, hour |
Single point, hour |
12–24 h |
8–12 h |
| Biomarker forms represented |
Bound, unbound [66] |
Unbound [66] |
Unbound |
Bound, unbound |
| Sampling procedure may confound
results |
Possibly |
Possibly |
No |
No |
| Stress type |
Acute [71] |
Acute [71] |
Acute [71] |
Acute [70] |
| Analytical cost |
Relatively expensive |
Relatively expensive [72] |
Relatively expensive |
Relatively expensive |
