Table 3.
The role of nutrigenomics, nutri-epigenetics and diet - gut microbiome axis in influencing ART outcomes.
| Nutrients | Study type/population | Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics | Nutri-epigenetics | Diet-gut microbiome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fats |
PUFA: - Animal study/Mice (71) SFA: - Animal study/Mice (72) |
- PUFA intake is associated with upregulation of genes involved in folliculogenesis (BMPER, FLT4, BDNF, CRHR1, AGT) ovulation (CCR3, PTX3, AGT), steroidogenesis (CRHR1, AGT, BDNF) (71) - SFA intake is associated with downregulation of the embryonic gene TWIST1 (73) and differential expression of ovulation genes (EDN2, TNFAIP6, ERRFIL, PRKG2, NFIL, EDN2 and NR4AL) (72) |
No evidence available | No evidence available |
| Carbohydrates |
- Animal Study/Drosophila melanogaster (74) - Cell Model/ Bovine fibroblast cell line (75) |
High sucrose diet is associated with decreased expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial genes, impairing oocyte maturation (74) | Low carbohydrate intake increases levels of BOHB (76) that is associated with elevated H3K9ac level, leading to enhanced FOXO3A expression in the blastocyst (75) | No evidence available |
| Protein | - Cross sectional study/Women undergoing IVF (77) | No evidence available | No evidence available | Animal protein -derived TMAO is decreased in follicular fluid of oocytes developing high quality embryos (77) |
| Fibers | - RCT/Infertile women undergoing IVF (78) | No evidence available | No evidence available | Fiber intake is associated with increased abundance of Bifidobacterium, decreased abundance of Paraprevotella and Blautia and increased ART success rate (78) |
| Micronutrients |
Vitamin D: - RCT/Infertile women candidate for IVF, women undergoing ART with vitamin D deficiency (79, 80) Vitamins B: - Animal study/Drosophila melanogaster (81) - Animal study/Black x Holstein F1 cows (82) Folate: - RCT/Women with history of miscarriage (83) - Animal study/Mice (84) Selenium and Zinc: - RCT/Women with PCOS candidate for IVF (85, 86) - Animal study/Mice (87) |
Vitamin D supplementation improves glycemic profile via: - upregulation of PPAR-γ, GLUT-1, LDLR, VDR, GSTA3 and IL-21R (79, 80) - downregulation of PTGS2, AGER and RXRB (79, 80) Folate supplementation reduce homocysteine concentration in women homozygous for MTHFR-gene 677C > T (83) Selenium supplementation: - upregulation of VEGF, PPAR-γ and GLUT-1 (85, 86) - downregulation of IL-1, TNF-α and LDLR (85, 86) |
Vitamins B: - Biotin deficiency is associated with a decrease in biotinylated histones and an increase in fertility rates (81) - Vitamin B mixture increases methylation level of H3K27 (82) Folate: - Reduced DNA methylation variance in KCNQ1OT1, SNRPN and PEG1 (84) - increased global DNA methylation levels in both embryonic and placental tissues (84) Zinc deficiency is associated with decreased histone H3K4 and global DNA methylation in oocytes (87) |
No evidence available |
PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; BMPER, BMP Binding Endothelial Regulator; FLT4, Fms Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4; BDNF, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor; CRHR1, Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor 1; AGT, Angiotensinogen; CCR3, Chemokine Receptor 3; PTX3, Pentraxin 3; SFA, Saturated Fatty Acids; TWIST1, Twist-Related protein 1; EDN2, Endothelin 2; TNFAIP6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Inducible Gene 6; ERRFIL, ERBB Receptor Feedback Inhibitor 1; PRKG2, Protein Kinase CGMP-Dependent 2; NFIL, Nuclear Factor, Interleukin 3; NR4AL, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1; BOHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; H3K9ac, Histone 3 Lysin 9 Acetylation; FOXO3A, Forkhed Box O3; TMAO, Trimethylamine-N-Oxide; ART, Assisted reproductive technology; PPAR-γ, Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptors; GLUT-1, Glucose Transport; LDLR, Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor; VDR, Vitamin D Receptor; GSTA3, Glutathione S-Transferase A3; IL-21R, Interleukin 21 Receptor; PTGS2, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2; AGER, Advanced Glycosylation End-Product Specific Receptor; RXRB, Retinoid X Receptor Beta; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; IL-1, Interleukin 1; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha; H3K27, Histone 3 Lysin 27; KCNQ1OT1, KCNQ1 Overlapping Transcript 1; SNRPN, Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Polypeptide N; PEG1, Paternally Expressed Gene 1; H3K4, Histone 3 Lysin.