Figure 12.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition by TUDCA attenuated learning and memory decline in mice with surgery. a,b) Performance in the open field test. c) Performance in the novel object recognition test. d) Performance in the training sessions of Barnes maze test. e) Performance in the memory phase of Barnes maze test. f) Performance in the context‐ and tone‐related fear conditioning test. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. with the presentation of data of each individual animal (n = 15). Results were analyzed by one‐way and two‐way repeated measures ANOVA (panel d) and one‐way ANOVA followed with Tukey test (all other panels). **P < 0.01 for the comparison, ^P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1.