Scheme 1.

Schematic illustration of “CAPIR” principles for engineering smart NDDSs and the process of chemotherapy/PDT/PTT and RT‐based ICD combined with immunotherapy for cancer therapy. After a rationally designed NDDSs delivers therapeutic agents to tumor cells, the released tumor‐associated antigens can be phagocytosed by DCs and DAMPs (CRT, ATP, and HMGB1) in situ to promote DCs maturation and activate immune responses that reverse the tumor immune microenvironment from immunosuppression to immunoactivation. Furthermore, immunotherapeutic agents such as ICIs can block the PD‐1/PD‐L1 or CTLA‐4/CD28 axis to prevent the immune escape; in turn, the ICD‐inducing immunoresponsive tumor microenvironment can boost the ICIs therapeutic effect.